Processing Flow
Schlumberger Private
DP START Houston
2007
Data Processing Overview
The objectives of data processing may be summarized as :
To produce seismic cross-section representative of geology
To meet the exploration objectives of the client
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
To enhance the signal and reject the noise
The Sequence of Events
Raw shot records
(with some amplitude compensation applied)
What do we start with in Data
Processing?
How do we get here?
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Final migrated section
Project Planning
Before any processing can take place, we need to:
Internal project meeting
Client meeting - determine objectives etc
Perform inventory check
Produce testing plan
Project set-up - resource allocation etc
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Data Processing - In the beginning.
Data processing will usually commence with the receipt of the
following (or part thereof) :
Tape containing recorded seismic data (trace sequential or
multiplexed)
Observer logs/reports
Field Geophysicist logs/reports and listings
Navigation/survey data
Field Q.C. displays
Contractual requirements
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
New Data:
Data Processing - In the beginning.
Re-Processing:
(usually).
Contractual requirements
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Tape containing recorded seismic data with geometry applied
Reformat
Processing Sequence
Reformat
How the data is arranged and
stored.
This will usually follow an
Industry standard convention.
e.g. SEGD, SEGY for
magnetic media
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Data Format defines:
Data Processing - raw shot data
Data corresponding to one shot (located somewhere on the earth) which was recorded into 96
(only data from 1-93 shown on plot) different receivers (also located somewhere on earth!)
Linear noise e.g. direct arrivals
Reflection - hyperbolic
Loss of amplitude with
time
DP START Houston
2007
Loss of frequencies with
time
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Time zero ref.
i.e. reference
is time when
shot fired
Geometry Definition
Where are the shots
and receivers located ?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
Geometry definition
Important values for data processing are
source receiver OFFSETS!
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Field Static Corrections
What if the surface
elevation changes ?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
datum
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
i.e. remove the difference
in travel time caused by
shots and receivers being at
different elevations
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Geometry definition
Amplitude Recovery
Wheres all the source
energy gone ?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
DP START Houston
2007
Geometric spreading, absorption etc
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Geometry definition
Noise Attenuation
How to remove noise?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Despike, K-filtering, AAA .
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Geometry definition
Deconvolution (An inverse of filtering process )
How to improve the
vertical resolution?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
DP START Houston
2007
Compensate for the filtering effects
of the earth etc
Schlumberger Private
Geometry definition
CMP Gather
How to order the data?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Some processes must be carried out in the
CMP domain
DP START Houston
2007
Multiple Coverage Acquisition techniques
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Geometry definition
Velocity Analysis
How to compute a
better velocity field?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Geometry definition
How to remove false
reflections?
Demultiple
Processing Sequence
Reformat
time
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
DP START Houston
2007
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
Schlumberger Private
offset
Geometry definition
NMO Correction
How to correct for time
differences due to offset
within the CMP?
Processing Sequence
Reformat
time
Geometry definition
time difference
due to offset
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
DP START Houston
2007
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO correction
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offset
DMO Correction
Do the reflections all come
from a single point?
Reformat
Geometry definition
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
DP START Houston
2007
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO Correction
DMO Correction
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midpoint
Processing Sequence
CMP Stack
How to reduce the
number of traces?
Processing Sequence
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO Correction
DMO Correction
CMP stack
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Reformat
Geometry definition
Field Static corrections
Migration
Do the reflections all come
from vertically below?
midpoints
Processing Sequence
(land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
DP START Houston
2007
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO Correction
DMO Correction
CMP stack
Migration
Schlumberger Private
Reformat
Geometry definition
Field Static corrections
Pre Stack migration (2D marine)
Field data in
Define positions and relationships
Energy spreading corrections
Amplitude recovery
Low-cut / velocity filtering
Noise rejection
Wavelet compression / demultiple
SHOT SORTED
CMP SORTED
OFFSET SORTED
Signature Decon.
Deconvolution
Data re-ordering
CMP gather
Removing multiples
Demultiple
Velocity Analysis
Comp. Migr. Vels
Near/far offset noise removal
Mute
Possible additional velocity Analysis
Migration
Summing traces within a cmp
Stack
Lowcut / highcut / signal enhance
Filtering
Time variant amplitude balancing
Amplitude scaling
Cosmetic plotting test:bias/gain
Final products
STACK SORTED
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Remove source wavelet from data
DP START Houston
2007
Geometry
Processing Sequence (3D marine - Post
Stack Time Migration)
Field data QC & edit
Temporal resample
QC navigation data and select
binning strategy
Nav./seismic merge
2:1 data reduction
Apply automatic field edits
Optional
Schlumberger Private
Amplitude recovery
As early as possible!
QC shot data
Noise rejection
Signature Decon.
For Shallow water.
For Depth Water we use INVQ or nothing
Deconvolution
Initial velocity field
Demultiple
Optional
Second velocity field
DMO on velocity lines
NMO correction
3D DMO & Stack
DP START Houston
2007
Migration
Time variant filtering
Time variant scaling
final products
Processing Sequence (3D marine Pre Stack Time Migration)
Field data QC & edit
Temporal resample
QC navigation data and select
binning strategy
Nav./seismic merge
2:1 data reduction
Apply automatic field edits
Optional
QC shot data
Noise rejection
Signature Decon.
For Shallow water.
Deconvolution
For Depth Water we use INVQ or nothing
Initial velocity field
Demultiple
Kirchhoff Migration
Pre Stack Migration
Migration Vel Lines
Final Mig velocity analysis
Final Stacking Vel. Analysis
Stacking
Time variant filtering
DP START Houston
2007
Time variant scaling
final products
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Amplitude recovery
As early as possible!
Processing Sequence (2D land)
Basic Processes
Field data in
Geometry
Field statics
Amplitude recovery
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Noise rejection
Deconvolution
CMP gather
NMO correction
Residual statics
Mute
2D DMO & Stack
Migration
Filtering
Amplitude scaling
DP START Houston
2007
Final products
loop
Initial velocity field
2D DMO
Final velocity field
Summary
Virtually all processing projects will require the following:
DP START Houston
2007
Schlumberger Private
Accurate locating of shots and receivers and their relationship
Time-correction to a known datum (land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise attenuation
Signal enhancement
Cmp gathering
Demultiple (marine)
Normal move-out correction (including muting any noise introduced)
Residual time-corrections (land data)
Correction for smearing within a cmp - dip-moveout correction (for post stack
migration processing)
Data reduction - stacking
Repositioning / imaging - Migration
Depth Conversion
Velocity analysis of seismic and log data, timedepth conversion of seismic profile and
isochronous maps
Sonda 50 P
0m
0.2 0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.8
2.0
2t(sec)
Pleistocen
Pliocen
400
Top Sa
S-M
S-SHST
1200
Top K2
Miocen Superior
Miocene Mediu
Oligocen-Miocen Inferior
2000
Top K1
S-I
Top J2
S1
Cretaceous-Eocene
Cretacic Inferior
Fundament
4000
Top J1
h(m)
Time/Depth chart
DP START Houston
2007
Wells projected on seismic line
using depth to time conversion
Schlumberger Private
800
