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Chap 2

This document summarizes the historical evolution of management approaches from ancient times to modern approaches. It discusses early approaches like scientific management pioneered by Taylor which emphasized standardized processes and incentive-based pay. It also discusses Fayol's principles of management and Weber's bureaucracy model. Later approaches included quantitative management using data analysis, behavioral management studying human behavior, and systems theory conceptualizing organizations as open systems adapting to their environment. Contemporary approaches recognize there is no universal management model and the approach must fit each organization's unique situation and contingencies.

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Muhammad Suban Khokhar
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51 views16 pages

Chap 2

This document summarizes the historical evolution of management approaches from ancient times to modern approaches. It discusses early approaches like scientific management pioneered by Taylor which emphasized standardized processes and incentive-based pay. It also discusses Fayol's principles of management and Weber's bureaucracy model. Later approaches included quantitative management using data analysis, behavioral management studying human behavior, and systems theory conceptualizing organizations as open systems adapting to their environment. Contemporary approaches recognize there is no universal management model and the approach must fit each organization's unique situation and contingencies.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Suban Khokhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Management History

Historical Background of
Management
Ancient Management
Egypt (pyramids), India (Qutub Minar and Taj Mahal) and China
(Great Wall)

Adam Smith
Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776

Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the


productivity of workers

Industrial Revolution
Substituted machine power for human labor

22

Exhibit 21 Major Approaches to Management

23

Major Approaches to
Management
Classical
Quantitative
Behavioral
Contemporary

24

Scientific Management
Fredrick Winslow Taylor
The father of scientific management

The theory of scientific management


Using scientific methods to define the one best way for a
job to be done:
Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools
and equipment.
Having a standardized method of doing the job.
Providing an economic incentive to the worker.

25

The Gilbreths
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined Taylors
methods.
Made

many improvements to time and motion


studies.

Time and motion studies:


1.

Break down each action into components.


2. Find better ways to perform it.
3. Reorganize each action to be more
efficient.
Focused on increasing worker productivity
through the reduction of wasted motion
26

Scientific Management (contd)


How Do Todays Managers Use Scientific
Management?
Use time and motion studies to increase productivity
Hire the best qualified employees
Design incentive systems based on output

27

General Administrative Theory


Henri Fayol
Developed principles of management that applied to
all organizational situations
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Coordinating
Controlling

28

General Administrative Theory


Max Weber
Developed a theory of authority based on an
ideal type of organization (bureaucracy)

Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality,


technical competence, and authoritarianism

29

Exhibit 24 Webers Bureaucracy

210

Quantitative Approach to
Management
Quantitative Approach (or Management
Science)
The use of quantitative techniques to improve
decision making

Total Quality Management


A philosophy of management that is driven by
continuous improvement and responsiveness to
customer needs and expectations
211

Behavioral Approach
Organizational Behavior (OB)
The study of the actions of people at work

Early OB Advocates
Robert Owen
Hugo Munsterberg
Mary Parker Follett
Chester Barnard

Hawthorne Studies (started in 1924)


Designed by Western Electrical Industries Engineers
212

Contemporary Approach
SYSTEMS THEORY
System Defined
A set of interrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.

Basic Types of Systems


Closed systems

Are not influenced by and do not interact with their


environment (all system input and output is internal).

Open systems

Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs


and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into
their environments.
213

Exhibit 27 The Organization as an Open


System

214

Implications of the Systems


Approach
Coordination of the organizations parts is
essential for proper functioning of the entire
organization.
Decisions and actions taken in one area of the
organization will have an effect in other areas of
the organization.
Organizations are not self-contained and,
therefore, must adapt to changes in their external
environment.
215

The Contingency Approach


Contingency Approach Defined
Also sometimes called the situational approach.
There is no one universally applicable set of
management principles (rules) by which to manage
organizations.
Organizations are individually different, face different
situations (contingency variables), and require
different ways of managing.

216

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