Digital Image
Processing
Introduction
image digital image
An image is a two-dimensional function f(x,y), where x
and y are the spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the
intensity of the image at that level.
If x,y and the amplitude values of f are finite and discrete
quantities, we call the image a digital image. A digital image is
composed of a finite number of elements called pixels, each of
which has a particular location and value.
First Digital
Photograph
Pixel intensity value
Consider the following
image (2724x2336 pixels)
f(1,1) = to be 2D function or a
103
matrix with rows and
Pixel location columns
In 8-bit representation
Pixel intensity values
rows columns change between 0 (Black)
and 255 (White)
f(645:650,1323:132
8) =
83 82 82 82 82 82
82 82 82 81 81 81
82 82 81 81 80 80
82 82 81 80 80 79
80 79 78 77 77 77
80 79 78 78 77 77
f(2724,2336)
= 88
Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene
One pixel
Digital Image Processing
Sources of Digital Images
The principal source for the images is the
electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum.
Gamma rays
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Gamma rays
Gamma-Ray imaging of
A starburst galaxy about
12 million light-years
away
Gamma-Ray
Imaging
Cherenkov
Telescope
Gamma-Ray Imaging
n nuclear medicine
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
X- rays
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X- rays
X-ray images from the space
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Ultra-violet
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Ultra-violet
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Visible light
Visible light
R
G B
Infrared
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Infrared
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Microwaves
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Microwaves
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Radio Waves
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Radio Waves
MRI image slices from the brain
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Digital Images based on the EM
Spectrum
An example showing Imaging in all of
the bands
Visible light
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Ultrasound Imaging
Ultrasonic spectrum
Ultrasonic Baby image Ultrasound image
during pragnancy acquisition device
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
The continuum from image processing to computer vision
can be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Mid Level High Level Process
Process Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Output: Understanding
Attributes
Examples: Scene
Examples: Noise Examples: Object understanding,
removal, image recognition, autonomous
sharpening segmentation navigation
Acquisition of
Images
The images are generated by the combination of an
illumination source and the reflection or absorption of energy
from that source by the elements of the scene being imaged.
Imaging sensors are used to transform the illumination
energy into digital images.
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Types of Image Sensors
Single Sensor
Line Sensor
Array Sensor
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Summary
We have looked at:
What is a digital image?
What is digital image processing?
State of the art examples of digital image processing
Image acquisition
Next time we will start to see the key
stages in digital image processing and
talk about interpolation
