CHAPTER-3
ESSENTIAL PROCESS MODELLING
Submitted by:
Aakansha- 16609023
Ekta Bansal- 16609019
Lokesh Chaudhary- 16609016
Pranjali Jain- 16609064
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Why process modelling?
Its like turning a lot of light bulbs on in the minds of managers
Process owner
Defense Housing Authority
Canberra, Australia
Transparency
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Process models conveying transparency
1. What we need to do and when Control flow
2. What we need to work on Artifacts (physical & electronic)
3. Who does the work Resources (human & systems)
Enter Check
no
Invoice Invoice Post Invoice
mismatches
Invoice
Details Mismatches
Invoice
received posted
mismatch Block
exists Invoice
Invoice
blocked
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Key ingredients of a process model
What we need to do and when
Activities, events and their order relationships
Manual or automated
What we need to work on
input/output artifacts to activities
Physical or electronic
Who does the work
Resources that perform activities and generate events
Human or software
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Further potential elements in a process
Objectives, goals
to link with corporate strategy
Risks
to risk-profile the process
Policies, rules
to check process compliance
Knowledge
to depict expertise required
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Example: Student Enrollment
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BPMN from 10,000 miles
Based on popular graphical flowcharts:
- Core set of notation elements
- Each core element has various subtypes
A BPMN process model is a graph consisting of four types of core
elements:
start end
activity event gateway sequence
flow
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Lets start modeling
Order-to-cash
A typical order-to-cash process is triggered by the receipt of a
purchase order from a customer. The purchase order has to be
checked against the stock regarding the availability of the
item(s) requested. Depending on stock availability the purchase
order may be confirmed or rejected.
If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emitted and the
goods requested are shipped. The process completes by
archiving the order or if the order is rejected.
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Solution in BPMN
Order-to-cash
end
activity event
split gateway end
event
start
event
Naming conventions
Event: noun + past-participle verb (e.g. insurance claim lodged)
Activity: imperative verb + noun (e.g. assess credit risk)
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Lets reconsider our order-to-cash example
[] If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emitted
and the goods requested are shipped. The process completes
by archiving the order. []
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Solution
Order-to-cash
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A little more on gateways: XOR Gateway
An XOR Gateway captures decision points (XOR-split)
and points where alternative flows are merged (XOR-
join)
XOR-split takes one outgoing branch
XOR-join proceeds when one incoming
branch has completed
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Example: XOR Gateway
Invoice checking process
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A little more on gateways: AND Gateway
An AND Gateway provides a mechanism to create
and synchronize parallel flows.
AND-split takes all outgoing branches
AND-join proceeds when all incoming branches
have completed
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Example: AND Gateway
Airport security check
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Revised solution
Order-to-cash
XOR-split
AND-split AND-join
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XOR / AND are not always what we need...
Order distribution process
A company has two warehouses, one in Amsterdam, the other
in Hamburg, that store different products. When an order is
received, it is distributed across these warehouses: if some of
the relevant products are maintained in Amsterdam, a sub-
order is sent there; likewise, if some relevant products are
maintained in Hamburg, a sub-order is sent there. Afterwards,
the order is registered and the process completes.
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Solution 1
Order distribution process
XOR-split XOR-join
AND-split AND-join
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Solution 2
Order distribution process
AND-split AND-join
XOR-split XOR-join
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OR Gateway
An OR Gateway provides a mechanism to create and
synchronize n out of m parallel flows.
OR-split takes one or more branches depending
on conditions
OR-join proceeds when all active incoming
branches have completed
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Solution using OR Gateway
Order distribution process
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What join type do we need here?
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Rework and repetition
Address ministerial correspondence
In the treasury ministers office, once a ministerial inquiry has been received,
it is registered into the system. Then the inquiry is investigated so that a
ministerial response can be prepared.
The finalization of a response includes the preparation of the response itself
by the cabinet officer and the review of the response by the principal registrar.
If the registrar does not approve the response, the latter needs to be prepared
again by the cabinet officer for review. The process finishes only once the
response has been approved.
XOR-join: entry point XOR-split: exit point
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Our Order-to-cash process, again
The purchase order document serves as an input to the stock
availability check. Based on the outcome of this check, the
status of the document is updated, either to approved or
rejected. If the order is approved, an invoice and a shipment
notice are produced.
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Solution
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Resources in the order-to-cash example
The order-to-cash process is carried out by a sellers
organization which includes two departments: the Sales
department and the Warehouse & Distribution department.
The purchase order received by the Sales department has to be
checked against the stock. This is done via an ERP module
within the Warehouse & Distribution department. If the
purchase order is confirmed, the Warehouse & Distribution
department ships the goods. Meantime, the Sales department
emits the invoice. The process concludes with the order being
archived by the Sales department.
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Solution
Order-to-cash
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