GEOL 553: Marine Sediments
University of South Carolina
Spring 2005
INTRODUCTION TO SEDIMENTARY
FACIES, ELEMENTS, HIERARCHY
& ARCHITECTURE
A KEY TO DETERMINING
DEPOSITIONAL SETTING
Professor Chris Kendall
Byrnes 408
[email protected]
777.2410
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Lecture Overview
Lecture: 12:30-01:45 T/Th EWS 209
October 9 Facies, Facies Models & Modern Stratigraphic Concepts Chap 1
October 11 Fall Break No Class
October 16 Control of Sea Level Change Chap 2
October 18 Subsurface Facies Analysis Chap 3
October 23 Trace Fossil Facies Models Chap 4
October 25 Deltaic Facies Chap 9
October 30 Barrier Island & Estuarine Systems Chap 10
November 1 Tidal Depositional Systems Chap 11
November 6 Wave- & Storm-dominated Shallow Marine Chap 12
November 8 Turbidites & Submarine Fans Chap 13
November 13 Introduction To Carbonate & Evaporite Facies Chap 14
November 15 Shallow Platform Carbonates Chap 15
November 20 Peritidal Carbonate Systems Chap 16
November 23 Thanksgiving No Class
November 27 Reefs & Mounds Systems Chap 17
November 29 Carbonate Slopes Chap 18
December 4 Evaporites Chap 19
December 6 Alluvial & Eolian Systems Chap 7&8
Field Trips Peachtree Rock
FINAL December 13th Final Examination 2 pm Thursday 13th
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Examination & Text
Final Examination:
One hour examination (50%) of two (selected at random on the
exam day) of these six questions: distinguish between
Peritidal carbonate from slope carbonate systems?
Barrier island & estuarine systems from deltaic systems?
Alluvial from eolian systems?
Wave & storm-dominated shallow marine clastic systems from alluvial
systems?
Major differences in sequence stratigraphic signals of carbonates from
clastic sediments using sequence stratigraphy?
Shallow platform carbonates from evaporites?
Texts and Course Source Materials:
Facies Models, Response to Sea Level Change Eds: R.G.
Walker and N.P. James by the Geological Assoc. of Canada
"USC Sequence Stratigraphy Web Site
(http://strata.geol.sc.edu)"
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Rocks & Minerals
Detrital/Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks
Quartzarenite (quartz rich)
Arkoses (feldspar rich)
Litharenite (rock fragment rich)
Carbonate sedimentary rocks
Limestone
Dolomite
Other sedimentary rocks
Evaporites
Phosphates
Organic-rich sedimentary rocks
Cherts
Volcaniclastic rocks
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks: Sandstones
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Transport Mechanisms
By fluid flow
Traction: grain rolling/sliding along substrate
Saltation: grain hopping along substrate
Suspension: permanent grain entrainment
By gravity flow
Grain flow: cohesionless sediment movement
Debris flow: viscous sediment movement
Liquefied flow: over-pressured interstitial fluid movement
Density flow: slurry movement driven by differential density
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks
gravel
&
conglomerate
sand
&
sandstone
clay, silt
&
mudstone
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks
gravel
gravity flows
&
fluid flows
conglomerate
sand
fluid flows
&
gravity flows
sandstone
suspension &
flocculation clay, silt
gravity flows &
mudstone
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Current Erosion/Transport & Grain Size
Hjulstrom & Sundborg showed a critical current
velocity is required to move sediment of a
specific grain size for a fixed water depth
Sediment entrainment is also found to be
dependent on sediment cohesion and
consolidation
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Particle Entrainment: Hjulstrms Diagram
Current Erosion/Transport & Grain Size
(a description of flow competence)
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Flow Regimes
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Flow Regimes
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Gravity Flows
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Rocks
Detrital/Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks
conglomerates & breccias
sandstones
mudstones
Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks
carbonates Sedimentary
Other Sedimentary Rocks Structures
evaporites -
phosphates Found in All
organic-rich sedimentary rocks
cherts
volcaniclastic rocks
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Structures
Sedimentary structures are features found within
the sedimentary section, and/or on, and/or
between, bedding plane surfaces subdividing
that section
Related to scale and hierarchy of features they
occur in, whether in sediments that have
confined (as in a channel) or unconfined settings
(as on a shelf), & associated but similar sized
structures
Sedimentary structures provide critical versus
general clues to depositional setting
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Primary Sedimentary Structures
Plane Bedding
Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
Currents
Waves
Graded & Imbricate Bedding
Bedding Plane Structures
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Unidirectional Current Ripples
Bedforms & Asymmetric Current Ripple
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Current Structures
Bedforms
Unidirectional
Current Ripples
-
increasing Flow
Velocities
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Allens Classification of Ripples
Based on plan view shape, with increasing
complexity tied to shallower water & higher
velocities:-
Straight
Sinuous
Catenary
Linguoid
Lunate
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Primary Sedimentary Structures
Plane Bedding
Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
Currents
Waves
Graded & Imbricate Bedding
Bedding Plane Structures
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Wave Generated Ripples
Bedforms & Asymmetric Current Ripple
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Generation of Wave Ripples
Water movement during generation of wave ripples.
Note that the orbital movement of water is flattening
close to sediment surface and well developed
symmetrical shapes form at this surface
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Maturity
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks: Sandstones
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Climate
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Maturity
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
See
Ichnofacies http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/
Ichnofacies is concept devised by Adolph Seilacher of
Tubingen University!
It is a paleontological tool that analyses assemblages of
trace fossils to interpret ancient depositional settings &
sedimentary facies.
Ichnofacies were defined as archetypal and recurring
assemblages related to bathymetry, but water depth is
only one facet of ichnofacies and they are also sensitive
to sediment dynamics, coherence, water salinity, oxygen
levels and predation
Ichnofacies are named after one distinctive trace fossil
that is commonly (but not necessarily) present in the
assemblage.
Ichnofacies have been related to contemporaneous trace
fossils in modern settings
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Ichnology of sedimentary section
http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/
Trypanites - Rocky Coast Substrate
Teredolites Peat or Xylic Substrate Controlled
Glossifungites - Semi Consolidated
Substrate
Psilonichnus Sandy Backshore
Skolithos - Sandy Shore
Softground
Cruziana Sublittoral Zone
Zoophycos Bathyal Zone
Nereites Abyssal Zone
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary rocks are the product of
the creation, transport, deposition, and
diagenesis of detritus and solutes
derived from pre-existing rocks.
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary rocks are the product of
the creation, transport, deposition, and
diagenesis of detritus and solutes
derived from pre-existing rocks.
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
Sediment:
Sedimentary rock:
Sedimentology:
Strata:
Stratigraphy:
Basin:
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
Sediment: unconsolidated* material that is produced
on earths surface by the disaggregation of pre-
existing rocks
Sedimentary rock: a consolidated body formed from
sediments or solutes that are transported and
deposited by gravity, biologic activity, or a fluid and
then lithified by the combined effects of
compaction and cementation
Sedimentology: the study of the production, transport,
and deposition of sediment
* some exceptions apply
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
Strata: layers of (usually sedimentary) rock
Stratigraphy:
1. The description, study, and/or application of the
composition of layered (usually sedimentary)
rocks
2. A succession of layered rocks; e.g., The
stratigraphy of South Carolina
Basin:
1. A region of potential sediment accumulation
generally caused by subsidence
2. The largest possible body of related and once-
contiguous* strata; e.G., The Appalachian
Basin
* some exceptions apply
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
sediment
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
stratum or bed
strata
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
succession
or
stratigraphy
or
strata
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
students doing stratigraphy
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
basins
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
Succession of strata
deposited in several
basins
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Definitions
Faciere: to send, to put, to place, to make
Facies: outward appearance, sight, form, shape
Facies: the face; the general aspect of any group
of organisms or of rocks (websters 1945)
Facies: a rock distinguished from others by its
appearance or composition (www.Dictionary.Com)
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Definitions
Faciere: to send, to put, to place, to make
Facies: outward appearance, sight, form, shape
Facies: the face; the general aspect of any group
of organisms or of rocks (websters 1945)
Facies: a rock distinguished from others by its
appearance or composition (www.Dictionary.Com)
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coast Types
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Characteristics of Beach Systems
Sediments coarsen upward from marine shales
Linear sand bodies parallel to basin margin, serrated margins landward
Formed by a mix of waves and tidal currents
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
Dropping in base level
Local channels
Rising in base level
Well sorted and rounded pure quartz arenites common
Sedimentary facies & structures
Offshore hummocky wavy bedding
Nearshore cut and fill
Gently seaward dipping thin parallel beds
Geometric Elements
Open linear sheets and lenses parallel to shore - Barrier Islands
Confined incised channels - Tidal Channels
Stacked amalgamated lobes - Flood & Ebb Deltas
En-echelon landward dipping discontinuous sheets - Storm Washover
Discontinuous horizontal sheets parallel to shore - Back Barrier Lagoon
Fauna & flora
Marine fauna at base of units
Terrestrial flora at crest
GEOL 553 - of units
Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coast
Types
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Beach Face - South Carolina Foreshore
Note High Energy Planar Beds
Swash Zone
Foreshore
Facies
Photo: G. Voulgaris
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Trough Cross-bed Current Ripples
Ordovician Near Winchester
Kentucky
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Offshore Coastal Profile - Hummocky
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coastal Profile
Foreshore Offshore
Shoreface Transition
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Elements of Barrier Island Coast
Transgressed
Barrier Islands
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coastal Morphology
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coastal Profile and Lithofacies
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coastal DUNES
Lithofacies FORESHRE
Associations OPEN
SHOREFACE
-
Coarse MIDDLE
SHOREFACE
to LOWER
SHOREFACE
Fine
- TRANSITION
Onshore ZONE
to
Offshore
- SHELF
MUDS
Shallow
to
Reineck & Singh, 1980
Deep
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coastal Lithofacies Assemblages
Progradation Transgression Inlet
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Characteristics of Beach Systems
Sediments coarsen upward from marine shales
Linear sand bodies parallel to basin margin, serrated margins landward
Formed by a mix of waves and tidal currents
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
Dropping in base level
Local channels
Rising in base level
Well sorted and rounded pure quartz arenites common
Sedimentary facies & structures
Offshore hummocky wavy bedding
Nearshore cut and fill
Gently seaward dipping thin parallel beds
Geometric Elements
Open linear sheets and lenses parallel to shore - Barrier Islands
Confined incised channels - Tidal Channels
Stacked amalgamated lobes - Flood & Ebb Deltas
En-echelon landward dipping discontinuous sheets - Storm Washover
Discontinuous horizontal sheets parallel to shore - Back Barrier Lagoon
Fauna & flora
Marine fauna at base of units
Terrestrial flora at crest
GEOL 553 - of units
Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Facies
Facies: the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular setting.
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Facies
facies: the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular setting.
grain size, sorting, rounding
lithology
sedimentary structures
bedding type
fossil assemblages
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Facies
Facies: the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular setting.
EX: well-sorted, moderately rounded, trough cross-stratified,
horizontally burrowed & normally graded arkosic coarse sandstone
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Lithofacies & Lithofacies Codes
Sedimentary facies often get reduced to lithofacies which
detail grain-size, composition, and dominant sedimentary
structures only
EX: planar cross-stratified gravel, inversely graded massive
sandstone
This has led to lithofacies codes (after Miall, 1978).
EX: Gmm, St, Fsl
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Facies
Facies: the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular setting.
Facies associations: collection of multiple facies (often
in a vertical cycle) resulting from genetically related
accumulation and modification.
EX: lenticularly bedded stratified pebble conglomerate
with subordinate planar cross-stratified sandstone
OR: fluvial channel lithofacies assemblage
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Facies
Facies: the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular setting.
Facies associations: collection of multiple facies (often
in a vertical cycle) resulting from genetically related
accumulation and modification.
Facies successions: collection of multiple stacked
vertically facies associations resulting from genetically
related accumulation and modification.
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Facies Successions
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Depositional Systems
Depositional system: assemblage of multiple process-
related sedimentary facies assemblages, commonly
identified by the geography in which deposition occurs.
EX: nearshore depositional system, deep marine depositional
system, glacial depositional system, fluvial depositional system
NB depositional systems are:
modern features
used to interpret ancient sedimentary successions
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Book Cliffs Prograding Cretaceous Shoreline
Genetically related
stacked vertical facies PROGRADING
successions, and the
hierarchical Fine Down &
Seaward
arrangement of their
elemental geometries
used to determine
their depositional
setting
Photo by Torbjrn Trnqvis
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Hierarchies of Facies Associations,
Successions & Geometries > Setting?
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary
Geology
Relationship between:
Facies
Architectural elements
Depositional settings
Systems
Systems tracts
Scheme used to
characterize each
depositional system in
lecture series
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Depositional Setting - Element Hierarchy
What is it?
A Framework for Systematic Description and Comparison of that
Setting's Deposits
Based on physical relationships (geometry) of strata and their
bounding surfaces
Based on recognition of genetically-related stratigraphic
elements
Independent of type of setting
Applicable at all scales and to all styles
What are the benefits?
Analysis and comparison of like Aquifer/Reservoir Elements
Net to-gross, aspect ratio, and connectivity
Lithofacies type and aquifer/reservoir quality
Application to the Production Environment
More accurate aquifer/resource assessment
Optimize strategy for depletion of aquifer/resource
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Hierarchy of Carbonate Shelf
Architectural Elements
PROGRADING MARGIN
Shelf SHELF
margin COMPLEX
ONLAPPING MARGIN
PROGRADING MARGIN
complex
PROGRADING MARGIN
MARGIN
HST margin COMPLEX
complex
STACKED BED,
Stacked BED LITHOLOGY,
Cycles of CYCLES SEDIMENTARY ALLOCHEMS
Beds STRUCTURES CEMENTATION
Component
Beds
FAUNA & DIAGENESIS
Grains
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Types of Depositional Systems
marine ocean, sea
terrestrial land
transitional part land, part ocean
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Marine Depositional Systems
Shallow/nearshore
Tide-dominated
Wave-dominated
Reef
Shelf/platform
Carbonate
Clastic
Deep marine
Deep sea fans
Pelagic
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Transitional Depositional Systems
Deltas
Estuaries
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coast
Types
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Basin
Ramp
Open
Shelf Restricted
Shelf
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Basin
Open
Shelf
Rim
Restricted
Shelf
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Great Barrier Reef of Australia
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Shark Bay
-
Western
Australia
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Terrestrial Depositional Systems
Fluvial-alluvial fan
Glacial
Eolian
Lacustrine
Playa
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Glacial Action
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Large Numbers
What is a million?
How tall (in feet) would a stack of 1,000,000 $1 bills be?
At the rate of 1 count/second, how many work weeks would it
take you to count to one million?
What is a billion?
How tall (in feet) would a stack of 1,000,000,000 $1 bills be?
At the rate of $1,000/day, how long would it take you to spend
$1,000,000,000? 2,740 years
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Large Numbers
What is a million?
1,000,000 $1 bills = a stack 330' tall
(1,000 new $1 bills stack 4 high)
At the rate of 1 count/second, it would take you seven work
weeks to count to one million.
What is a billion?
1,000,000,000 $1 bills = a stack 62.5 miles tall
At the rate of $1,000/day, to spend $1,000,000,000
would require ~2,738 years.
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Units of Time
Time Units Used in Everyday Life
seconds
minutes
hours
days
weeks
months
years
centuries
millennia
Time Units in History of Earth and Life (Deep Time)
Age (1,000,000 to 10,000,000 years)
Epoch (10 to 20 million)
Period (23 to 80 million)
Era (65 to 300 million)
Eon (more than 500 million [>0.5 billion])
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Geologic Timescale
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Earth Structure
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Earth Structure
Crust
O: 0-12 km
cont: 35-50 km
Upper Mantle
12-670 km
Lower Mantle
670-2900 km
Outer Core
2900-5155 km
Inner Core
5155-6371 km
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Earth Structure
Lithosphere
0-100 km
Asthenosphere
100-670 km
Mesosphere
670-2900 km
Outer Core
2900-5155 km
Inner Core
5155-6371 kmGEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Earth Structure: Composition
O, Si, Al, Ca,
K, Fe, Na
O, Mg, Si, Fe,
Ca, Al, Na, Cr, Ni
Fe, Ni, Co, O, Si, S
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Earth Structure
C=
40,075 km
6371 km
12,742 km
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Why study sediments & sedimentary rocks?
supracrustal Earth history
sea-level and climate record
tectonic record
source, reservoir & seals for energy and
water resources
mineral deposit hosts
groundwater environmental issues
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Lecture Overview
Lecture: 12:30-01:45 T/Th EWS 209
October 9 Facies, Facies Models & Modern Stratigraphic Concepts Chap 1
October 11 Fall Break No Class
October 16 Control of Sea Level Change Chap 2
October 18 Subsurface Facies Analysis Chap 3
October 23 Trace Fossil Facies Models Chap 4
October 25 Deltaic Facies Chap 9
October 30 Barrier Island & Estuarine Systems Chap 10
November 1 Tidal Depositional Systems Chap 11
November 6 Wave- & Storm-dominated Shallow Marine Chap 12
November 8 Turbidites & Submarine Fans Chap 13
November 13 Introduction To Carbonate & Evaporite Facies Chap 14
November 15 Shallow Platform Carbonates Chap 15
November 20 Peritidal Carbonate Systems Chap 16
November 23 Thanksgiving No Class
November 27 Reefs & Mounds Systems Chap 17
November 29 Carbonate Slopes Chap 18
December 4 Evaporites Chap 19
December 6 Alluvial & Eolian Systems Chap 7&8
Field Trips
Peachtree Rock
FINAL December 13th Final Examination 2pm Thursday 13th
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Examination & Text
Final Examination:
One hour examination (50%) of two (selected at random on the
exam day) of these six questions: Distinguish between
Peritidal carbonate from slope carbonate systems?
Barrier island & estuarine systems from deltaic systems?
Alluvial from eolian systems?
Wave & storm-dominated shallow marine clastic systems from alluvial
systems?
Major differences in sequence stratigraphic signals of carbonates from
clastic sediments using sequence stratigraphy?
Shallow platform carbonates from evaporites?
Texts and Course Source Materials:
Facies Models, Response to Sea Level Change Eds: R.G.
Walker and N.P. James by the Geological Assoc. of Canada
"USC Sequence Stratigraphy Web Site
(http://strata.geol.sc.edu)"
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
