DCC6213
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY
Chapter 2
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Chapter 2.1
UNIFORM FLOW AND NON-UNIFORM
FLOW
Chapter 2.2
CRITICAL DEPTH AND FROUDE NUMBER
Tranquil Critical Shooting
Subcritical Critical Supercritical
Depth D > DC D = DC D < DC
Velocity v < vC v = vC v > vC
UiTMKS/ FCE/ BCBidaun/ ECW301
Fr Fr < 1 Fr = 1 Fr > 1
Channel slope Mild Critical Steep
Control Downstream - Upstream
Disturbance Wave can Standing Waves cannot
travel waves travel
upstream upstream
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Chapter 2.3
MANNING’S EQUATION
FLOW IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL
Derive P = f(y) and A = f(y) for a trapezoidal
channel
1 1 y
Q 2 / 3 1/ 2
AR
h S o z
n b
FLOW IN ROUND CHANNEL
r y
arccos
r
radians
A r 2 sin cos
r
T 2r sin
P 2 r A y
Maximum discharge
y = ______
0.938d T
Chapter 2.4
SPECIFIC ENERGY
SPECIFIC ENERGY (OPEN CHANNELS)
For open channels, the specific energy can be defined as
E = y + v2/2g,
where y is the depth of water above the channel bed,
v is the flow velocity
g is the acceleration of gravity.
v2/2g
Downstream Flow
y
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NORMAL DEPTH
the depth for which available energy and
energy expended are in balance
Downstream Flow
Resistance
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SPECIFIC ENERGY & ALTERNATIVE
DEPTHS OF FLOW
Specific energy, E,
v2
E D
2g
For a wide rectangular channel, mean velocity
is, Q Q
v
q
A BD D
While the volume rate of flow per unit width,
Q
q
B
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Substituting v & q into E,
q2
E D
2 gD 2
q2
D ED
3 2
0
2g
This equation has 3 roots:
1 root is negative & unreal
2 roots are positive & real, which give 2 alternate depths:
Larger depth: deep slow flow (subcritical/ tranquil/ streaming flow).
Smaller depth: shallow fast flow (supercritical/ shooting flow)
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Chapter 2.5
CRITICAL FLOW, SUBCRITICAL FLOW AND
SUPERCRITICAL FLOW
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW REGIMES
Rio Puerco, NM
Subcritical Flow:
is deeper and slower than
critical flow
this is what you usually
see in rivers.
relatively slow moving
Supercritical Flow:
is shallower and faster St. Anthony Falls, Miss R,
than critical flow MN
this is what you see in
steep channels (rapids or
flow over a dam)
fast moving
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Chapter 2.6
HYDRAULICS JUMP
HYDRAULIC JUMP
Hydraulic jumps occur when there is a
transition from supercritical to subcritical flow
HYDRAULIC JUMP
Flow starts subcritical, accelerates over obstacle
& suddenly becomes supercritical
WHAT CAUSES HYDRAULIC JUMPS?
The conditions for a hydraulic jump can be met where
a) the upstream flow is supercritical
b) slope suddenly or gradually decreases downstream
c) the supercritical flow enters a confined basin.
Fr < 1
Fr > 1
Fr < 1
Fr > 1
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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMPS
Undular Jump Weak Jump Oscillating Jump
(1<Fr1<1.7) (1.7<Fr1<2.5) (2.5<Fr1<4.5)
y2/y1=2-3 y2/y1=3-6
Stable Jump Strong Jump
(4.5<Fr1<9) (Fr1>9)
y2/y1=6-12 y2/y1=12-20
Some Practical Applications
Of Hydraulic Jump
(a) to dissipate the high kinetic energy of water near the toe of
the spillway and to protect the bed and banks of a river near a
hydraulic structure
(b) To increase water level in canals to enhance irrigation
practices and reduce pumping head
(c) Mixing of chemicals in water
supply system.
(d) Aeration and removing of air pockets in water supply system.
