WELCOME
TERM PAPER PRESENTATION
ON
CROP RESPONSE –PRODUCTION
FUNCTION
CROP RESPONSE:
The response of crops in relation with
agriculture inputs(fertilizer , seed , water) and
environmental factors (light , temperature ,
humidity , solar radiation) is termed as a crop
response(Holiday).
Two types of response curves were suggested as:
1. Asymptotic response
2. Parabolic response
1. Asymptotic response:
The increase in production due to increased plant
population compensates about equally for the
reduction in the production of the individual plant.
This type of response used in where entire dry
matter is the economic product (Fodder , Tobacco).
Increase in the plant density results in increase in
the yields up to certain level after that yields can
reduced.
This type of response gives the asymptotic
curve. It is expressed as follows:
Y= Ap+1/1+Abp
Where;
Y=Yield of dry matter per unit area
A=Apparent maximum yield per unit
p=number of plants per unit area
b=Linear regression coefficient
Competition factor:
The term 1/1+Abp represents
the maximum in which the maximum plant yield
(A) is reduced by increasing competition
resulting for greater plant density.
Parabolic response:
In this case also yield increases with increase
in plant population but unlike in asymptotic
curve yield decreases with further increase in
population.
Parabolic curve expressed as follows:
Y=a+bp+cp2
Where;
Y=Yield per unit area
P=Plant population
• This curve fitted to quadratic equation.(holiday)
• But the drawback is:
With increase in plant population , after
reaching maximum , yield does not fall
suddenly.
There is a plateau for some range of plant
population.
Production function:
It is technical and
mathematical relationship describing the manner
and the extent to which a particular product
depends up on the quantities of inputs or
services of inputs, used at a given level of
technology and in a given period of time.
Forms of production function:
1. Linear production function: When production
function is homogenous of the first degrees.
Y=ao+a1x1+
………………..+anxn
Where
Y=production
ao=constant
a1,a2………….an=co efficient factors
x1,x2………….xn=factors of production
2.Quadratic production function:
Y=a+b+c2
Where
a, b, c=constant ,
x=production factor
3.Square root production function:
Y=a+b√x +cx1 2
4.Cubic production function:
Y=ao+a1x+a2x2+a3x3
Quadratic production function:
• The yield response to
different levels of inputs are fitted in to a
mathematical equation.
• Based on the shape of the curve from the
equation , economic optimum doses of inputs
are calculated and recommended to the farmer.
• “The yield increased at increasing rate with
increase in inputs up to certain level and at a
decreasing rate with subsequent doses of
inputs.”
QUADRATIC PRODUCTION FUNCTION
Types of production function:
Three types of production
1.Increasing marginal returns
2.Constant marginal returns
3.Decreasing marginal returns
Increasing marginal rate of returns:
• Addition of one unit of input resulted in increasing the
output in increasing rate. It is explained by following
table.
Constant marginal rate of returns:
• Addition of one unit of input resulted in increasing the
output in constant rate. It is explained by following
table.
S.NO LABOUR TOTAL MARGINAL
(variable factor) PRODUCTION
1 1 10 10
2 2 20 10
3 3 30 10
4 4 40 10
Decreasing marginal rate of returns:
• Addition of one unit of input resulted in increasing the
output in decreasing rate. It is explained by following
table.
DECREASING MARGINAL RATE OF RETURNS
Quadratic production/Fertilizer response:
Field experiments are conducted with different level of
fertilizer.
The yield response to different level of fertilizer are
fitted in to a mathematical equation.
Based on the shapes of the curve from the equation ,
economic optimum doses of inputs are calculated and
recommended to the farmer.
Y=a+b+cx2
Where
a , b , c=constants ,
x=production factor
Curve fitting:
Generally the response to fertilizers is quadratic.
Yield increased at increasing rate with increase in
fertilizer up to a certain level and at a decreasing rate
with subsequent doses of fertilizers.
At a particular level , yield approaches a plateau and
further increase in fertilizer dose decreases the yield.
Submitted To:
Dr . Susheela.
Senior scientist.
AICRP on forage crops.
Thank you
Submitted By:
M.Eshwar,
RAM/15-64,
Dept. of Soil Science.
