Module-4

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

An electrical machine is a
electromechanical energy conversion
device
 Electro-mechanical energy
conversion devices

 I/P = EE Motor O/P=ME

 I/P=ME Generator O/P=EE

 Electrical
Machines

DC AC
machines machines

Fractional
DCDC DC
DC
Transformers
Induction Synchronous
K.W.
Generator
Generator Motor
Motor machines machines
machines
 Transformer
 Ac has the advantage that it can be
easily transferable from HV –LV or
back LV-HV
 A transformer is a static device by
means of which electrical power is
transformed from one ac ckt to
another with the desired change in
voltage and current, without any
change in frequency

 Consist’s of 2 coils(windings)-
primary and secondary on the
magnetic core

 Coils are electrically insulated

 But are magnetically coupled
through a low reluctance path
 Ac voltage V1 is applied at primary.
Depending on N1 and N2, E2 is
induced at secondary
 Schematic view wher transformers are employed

HT
HT line
line for
for long
long distans
distans s/s
Generating Power
Step down
Station Transformer
Trans
11kv 11/66-440kv
440-66/11kv

outgoing
outgoing feeders
feeders 11kv
11kv for
for
distribution
distribution

Distribution
Transormers
11kv/230v
 Working principle
 works on the principle of mutual induction
 T/f contains a core.
 Core consts of 2 inductive coils wound on it
 Coils are electricaly seperated&
magnetically coupled via a low reluctance
path
 2 coils is having high mutual inductance
 If 1 coil is connected to an ac, an
alternating flux produced at core.
 Flux links mutually with other coil & emf
produced
 Secondary coil when cnctd 2 external load,
ct ‘ll flow nd electrical energy is transferd.
 Coil 2 whch source is appld is primary
wndg
 Wndg from energy is drawn out is
secondary wndng..
 Ns>Np - stepup
 Np>Ns - stepdwn
 Constructional details
 Simple elements of transf consts of 2 coils
havng mutual inductance & a steel
laminated core.
1- Laminated core
-Made up of sheet steel laminations
-assembled to provide continous magnetic
path wit minimum air-gap
-material steel is of high silicon content
-steel laminatns are insulatd frm each othr by
a thin coating of varnish.
-Core is get laminated to reduce eddy curent
loss
-laminatn thickness 0.35mm-0.5mm

-Core is having two sections, the vertical part

is limb and horizontal part is yoke
 Based upon the construction of core, transformers are of 2 types
1-core-type
2-shell type
 Core type
 Has a single magnetic ckt
 Core is rectangular havng 2
limbs
 Winding encircles the core.
 Both coils are placed on both
the limbs.
 LV coil is placed inside near
the core while the HV coil
surrounds the LV coil(discuss
later).
 Core is having large number
of thin laminations.
 As windings are equally
distributed, natural cooling is
more effective.
 Shell type
 Has a double magnetic ckt.
 Core has 3 limbs
 Both windgs are on central limb
 Core encircles the winding.
 Coils are of sandwich type.
 Each high voltage coil is in b/w 2 LV
coils.
 As windngs are surrounded by
core,natural cooling doesnot exists.
 For removing any winding, 4
maintnce, large no: of laminatns are
to be removed.
 2- Windings
 Core consists of 2 windings, viz primary and secondary.
 Ac voltage is fed through the primary winding.
 o/p current is get delivered through the secondary winding.
 Coil is made of enameled copper wire.
 Coils are get insulated each other by mica or paper or plastic
3- Transformer tank
 Core and coils are required to  If smooth suface of transfrmer
provide rigid mechanical doesnot provide much area,
insulation or covering inorder radiators are placed in side.
to prevent movement &  Inorder to prevent moistures
possible insulation damages. entering the transformer ,
 Covering reduces noise and they are made air tight.
vibrations.
 Tanks are generally housed  Properties of transformer oil.
in sheet metal tanks, with
special insulating oil.
 Transformer oil provides  High dielectric strength.
cooling by circulation and  Low viscosity to provide good
provides insulation too.. heat transfer.
 Good transfrmer oil should be  Good resistance to emulsion.
free from alkalie’s and  Free from inorganic acid,
moistures.. alkali and corrosive sulphur.
 Presence of moistures will  Free from sludging under
reduce the dielectric strength normal operating conditions.
of the oil.
 High flash/fire point.
 4- Breather
 In case of big transformers wher complete
air-tight constructn is not posible,
breathers are provided, since the oil
inside the tank expands and contracts as
temp increases or decrses.
 Moisture is trapped in the breathers.
 Material used for breather is silica gel.
5-Conservator Tank

 Small tank connected on the main

tank.

 Connected by a pipe.

 Rise or fall in oil level due to

heating and cooling can be noted
into account.

 Main tank is fully filled with oil

 Conservator tank is partially filled

with oil.
6- Terminal bushings..
Transformer terminal outputs
are brought out from the
chamber by suitable
bushings.

Many designs available

depending upon the voltage
values.

In general , procelien
bushings are used which
looks like insulators.

For HV- oil filled or capacitor

type bushings are used.
Based on cooling, transformers are classified
as ….

Oil-filled self cooled.

Oil filled water cooled.
Air-blast type..
 EMF Equation of transformer
• E1= 4.44 f Фm N1 volts

• E2= 4.44 f Фm N2 volts

Theory of an ideal transformer
 Ideal transf: is one which has-
 1-no winding resistance
 2-no leakage flux(same flux links with the coil)
 3-no iron loss

 Consider an ideal transf: on no load (secdy: side open).

 Now prmy can be treated as a coil of pure inductance.
 When V1 is applied to prmy, it draws a small magnetizing curent Im, which lags voltage by 90
degree.
 This Im(current) produces an alternating flux ‘ Ф’ proptnal to and in phase wit Im.
 Ф links wit both windings and produces E1 in the prmry and E2 in the secndry.
 E1 is in equal and opposite direction to the applied voltage V1(lenz’s law).
 Therfor both E1 &E2 lags Ф by 90 deg.
 However the magntude of emf depends on the number of turns in the prmry and secndry.
 Since flux Ф is common to both the windings, it I taken as the reference phasor.
 ie..E1 &E2 are 180 deg out of phase (lag) wit V1..

 So finally draw the phasor diagram.

Voltage transformation ratio.
 V2 = N2 = I1 = K
V1 N1 I2

Current transformation ratio.

K= V2/ V1

Input VA= V1.I1

Output VA=V2.I2
Volt ampere rating
 When power is transformed from primary to secondary power loss
will occurs.
 Loss is in the form of heat inside the device.
 Heat is due to the current.
 Rating is ther for expressed in terms of product of voltage and
current.
 As the rating is kept constant, temp also will be kept constant.
 Rating is expressed as KVA( kilo volt ampere).

 V1I1=V2I2

 KVA rating of transf= V1I1/1000 =V2I2/1000

Similarly,
 I1 Full load = ( KVA rating *1000 ) / V1
 I2 Full load = ( KVA rating *1000 ) / V2

 (1000 for converting KVA- VA)

 Losses in transformer
 In transformer , there exists 2 types of losses..
 1-core loss(alternating flux at core)
 2-copper loss (current through winding when loaded)

 Core or Iron Loss.

 Due to alternating flux set up at the magnetic core.

 core Undergoes magnetization and demagnetization.
 Hysterisis loss occurs due to this magnetization processes.

 Hysterisis Loss = Kh Bm1.67 f v watts

 Wher Kh= hysterisis constant based upon material.

 Bm= max flux density.
 F= frequency
 V=volume of the core.

Induced EMF tries to set up an eddy current in the core. this loss is known as Eddy
current Loss..
Eddy Current loss = Ke Bm2 f 2 t 2

Wher Ke = eddy current constant

T = thickness of the core.
 Since as Ф is constant at core at rated V1 & F , therfor Bm is also
constant.
 Therfor Hysterisis loss and eddy current loss are also constant.
 Core loss or iron loss is also known as CONSTANT LOSSES
 Iron loss = hysterisis loss + eddy current loss.
 Iron loss is usually denoted by Pi.

 Remedy.
 By using high grade core material like silicon steel.
 Should have low hysterisis loop.
 Should be manufactured in the form of laminations (core)
Copper loss.
 Due to the power wasted due to the resistance of the primary
and secondary.
 Depends on the magnitude of current flowing through the
winding.

 Total Cu loss=I12 R1+ I22R2

Denoted as Pcu.

Depends entirely upon output load and this output load will varies
with respect to time to time.

Therfor copper loss is known as VARIABLE LOSS.

Total Loss = iron loss + copper loss.

= Pi + Pcu
 Efficiency of the transformer
 Due to losses output power will be always less than input power.
 Therfor Power o/p = Power i/p - losses.
 Now Power i/p = power o/p + losses.
 Efficiency of any device = power op/ power ip

 Ther transf efficiency= (power op) / (power ip + losses)

= (power op) / (power ip + Pi + Pcu)

Now power o/p= V2I2 cos Ф2

cos Ф2 = load power factor.

Final efficiency equation????

Efficiency equation when fractional load is applied?
 All day efficiency
 Primary energized with the same alternating voltage at all the time.
 But secondary load varies for different times.
 During day and night.

 All day efficiency is the ratio of energy o/p for 24 hours to the energy i/p for
24 hours.

 Ie.. All day eff = Energy o/p for 24hrs / Enrgy i/p for 24 hrs.

 Condition for max efficiency????

 Copper loss = iron loss

 Cooling of Transformers..
 Heat is due to the copper loss and iron loss.
 Below 50kva- natural cooling(surrndng air)
 Medium size pwr or distb trans-tanks filled
with oil are employed for cooling.
 Large transf= exxternal radiators are provided
 For better cooling area.
 Cooling fans are also mounted in some cases.
Power transformer
 Used in generating station for
transforming voltage to a higher
value for transmission.
 Put into operattion at load hours.
 Should have maximum
efficiency near or at full load.
 Power transformers are always
or usually rated in MVA
Distribution transformer
 Used to step down
voltage to consumer
premises.
 Should be placed
continously in the cky
whether they are
carrying load or not.
 Core loss will be at all
the time and copper loss
occurs only when loaded
 Should hav good all day
efficiency
Instrument transformers.

• Used to extend the range of instruments for measuring

purposes.
• are of two types..
• Current transformer (CT) for measuring ac currents.
• Potential transfrmr (PT) for measrng high voltages.
Current transformer
• Primary windg of the Ct is having
few turns which are connected in
series to a load ckt.
• So ther for the load current can be
obtained.
• The secndry is having much more
turns than the prmry and is
connected with an ammeter
directly across it..
• Load impedence is small , ckt
operates in SC condition.
• Current on the secndry depends
upon the current in the primary.

• Precaution—
• Secndry shld not be open ckted,
becz of the high voltage…

• Connection diagram???????
Potential transformer..
• Primry has large no: of
turns.
• Secndry has much
smaller no: of turns.
• Voltage can be measured
at the secondary by
connecting a voltmeter.

• Connection diagram????
Auto transformer..

• Type of transformer in
which part of the winding
is common to both the
primary and secondary
ckts.
• here the primary is
electricaly and
magnetically coupled to
the secondary..

• Connection diagram????
• Cylindrical and sandwich coils.
DOUBTS ? ? ? ?
Nooo ooo !! !!
• So I do have a couple and more….
• Can a DC supply be used for a
transformer?????

• Y transformers are always rated in KVA???

• When’ d transformer is having a max

efficiency?????