The Transmission of Electric Energy

ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials

Prof. Lou van der Sluis

11 November 2018

Delft
University of
Technology

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Introduction (1)

• Transmission and Distribution

• Advantages of interconnected systems
• Better reliability
• Smaller frequency deviations
• Better overall system efficiency
• Facilitates power exchange
• Disadvantages of interconnected systems
• Limitations to interconnection transport capacity
• Power losses because of energy exchange
• Unwanted parallel power flows
• More complex system operation

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 2 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Introduction (2)
Rated voltage for AC – power system

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 3 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Introduction (3)
Voltage levels in the Dutch Power System

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 4 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Introduction (4)
The Dutch High-Voltage Network

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 5 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Network Structures

Radial structure Loop structure Multi-loop structure

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 6 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (1)
Open-air substation

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 7 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (2)
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers and Pantograph
Disconnector

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 8 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (3)
SF6-insulated substation

Courtesy of Eaton Holec

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 9 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (4)
Bus system

Single bus system

Double bus system

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 10 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Transformer
The ideal transformer

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 11 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Transformer Model (1)

• Not ideal
• Permeability is not infinity
• Finite self inductance
• Leakage flux
• Winding losses (copper losses)
• Core losses
• Hysteresis
• Eddy-current losses

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 12 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Transformer Model (2)

Copper losses
Leakage reactance

Iron losses (core) Magnetizing susceptance

Efficiency = Pout / Pin = 1 – Ploss / Pin

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 13 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Three-Phase Transformer (1)

• Three single-phase transformers

• Three phase transformer

• Complex turns ratio 1 : a*ej

• Amplitude
• Phase shift: multiple of 30°

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 14 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Three-Phase Transformer (2)
Single-phase equivalent

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 15 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Three-Phase Transformer (3)
Out of the tank

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 16 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Yy-4 Transformer

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 17 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Yd-11 Transformer

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 18 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Magnetization Current
The magnetization current contains a third harmonic

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 19 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Overhead Transmission Lines (1)
380 kV River crossing

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 20 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Overhead Transmission Lines (2)
The power carriers in the Dutch power system

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 21 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Overhead Transmission Lines (3)
150kV transmission line tower

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 22 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission Line Conductors (1)

• Material
• Al
• Cu

• ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 23 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission Line Conductors (2)

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 24 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission Line Conductors (3)
Advantages and disadvantages of bundled
conductors

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 25 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Galloping Lines

• Counter measures

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 26 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Shield Wires

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 27 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transposition (1)

• Unbalanced system

• Solution: transposition

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 28 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transposition (2)

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 29 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 High-Voltage Cable
• 6/10 kV cable • 220/380 kV cable

Courtesy of Prysmian Cable Holding B.V.

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 30 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission of Power
Poynting Vector: S = E x H

E H S S
H E
S
V E H S
S
E H
E H S S

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 31 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Conductor Modeling

• L: H-field
• C: E-field
• R: Ohmic losses
• G: Insulator and corona losses

L R

G C

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 32 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Line / Cable

• Line, 150 kV
• R = 0.125 /km
• XL = 0.425 /km
• C = 7.7 nF/km
• Sth = 130 MVA

• Cable, 150 kV
• R = 0.12 /km
• XL = 0.166 /km
• C = 210 nF/km
• Sth = 135 MVA

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 33 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 1 km Line / Cable

• Line, 132 kV
• R = 0.178 
• XL = j0.40 
• XC = -j350 k
• I = 450 A

• Cable, 400 kV
• R = 9 m
• L = 0.4 mH
• C = 0.38 µF
• I = 1.9 kA

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 34 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Line Models
• Short IS Z IR
(<80 km)
VS VR

• Medium IS
Z
IR
(80 km..240 km)
VS Y/2 Y/2 VR

• Long IS IR
(>240 km) /km
VS H/km VR
F/km

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 35 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Short Line
R+jX
IS IR

VS VR

Vs Vs jIrX
Vs jIrX
Ir
jIrX
Vr Ir Vr Vr IrR
IrR IrR
Ir

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 36 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Series-Compensation
Hydro-Quebec / 735 kV

• Z = R + jX
= R + j (L - 1/C)

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 37 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Long Line: Distributed Elements
I(x+x) zx I(x)

V(x+x) yx V(x)

x

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 38 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Equivalent Circuits of Lines
• Short IS Z IR

VS VR

• Medium
IS Z IR

VS Y/2 Y/ VR
2

• Long
IS Z' IR

VS Y'/ Y'/ VR
2 2

3. The Transmission of Electric Energy 39 | 39

Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105