CHAPTER 5
DIRECT-CURRENT MOTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Electric Motor
Machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Generator Operation
It is driven by a mechanical machine such as
an engine, a water turbine or even an electric
motor; the rotation through a magnetic field
generates a voltage, which, in turn, is capable
of producing a current in an electric circuit
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Motor Operation
It is fed by an electric current from an
electrical source of supply; the motor current
then produces two stationary magnetic fields,
one by the field poles and the other by the
rotating armature, which react to each other
to produce torque which, in turn produces
mechanical rotation
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Load on a Generator
Constitutes those electrical devices that
converts electrical energy into other forms of
energy
Loads such as electric lighting, electric
furnaces, electrical welding, electric motors,
electrical battery charging, etc are well known.
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Load on a Motor
Constitutes the force that tends the oppose
rotation and is called countertorque.
Loads may be blades, pumps, grinders, boring
mills, crushers, excavators, elevators,
turntables, churns, drills, food mixers and a
host of other commonly used machines.
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Generator
Voltage tends to change when the load changes.
Motor
Speed of Rotation tends to change as the load
varies.
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
The voltage of the generator can always be adjusted by
doing either or both of two things:
(1) Changing the speed
(2) Changing the strength of the magnetic field; in either
case increase in speed or flux is accomplished by an
increase in voltage.
The speed of the rotation of a D-C motor can be
changed by varying either or both of two things:
(1) The strength of the magnetic field.
(2) The voltage impressed across the armature terminals;
in general an increase in flux decreases the speed,
while a higher armature voltage raises the speed.
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Generators
Operated in parallel with others to supply power
to a common load; in frequently, they may be
connected in series for the same purpose.
Motors
Operate as a single independent units to drive
their individual loads, although in special
application they may be connected in parallel or
in series for the purpose of performing particular
jobs in varying the speeds
OPERATING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Generators
Always started without electrical loads; the
procedure is to bring them up to speed, adjust
the voltage, and then close the main switch that
permits the machine to deliver current.
Motors
May or May not have mechanical load when they
are started as a matter of practical significance it
is quite customary for a motor to start a load that
is often equal or greater than the rated name-
plate value.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT-CURRENT
MOTOR
There are three general types of motor:
(1) Series
(2) Shunt
(3) Compound
CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT-CURRENT
MOTOR
When a D-C motor is loaded, it does more
mechanical work per unit of time under this
condition it always slows down.
Shunt Motor-slows down the least.
Series Motor- slows down the most.
Compound Motor- compromise between the
first two.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT-CURRENT
MOTOR
For the purpose of classification it is
convenient, therefore, to indicate how a
motor behaves between no load and full load
by using such terms as constant speed and
variable speed.
Constant-speed Type
If the change from no mechanical load to full
load causes the speed to drop approximately 8
percent or less.
Shunt motors fall into this classification.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT-CURRENT
MOTOR
Variable-speed Classification
Motors in which speed changes greater
values.
Series and compound motors behave in this
manner.
Adjustable-speed Type
Whenever the speed of the motor can be
controlled by an operator who makes manual
adjustment.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT-CURRENT
MOTOR
Constant-speed-adjustable motor
A shunt motor with a firld-rheostat control
would fall into such classification.
Variable-speed-adjustable motor
A series motor with a line rheostat; such an
arrangement is used on a hoist.
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (COUNTER
EMF)
Voltage generated by a motor.
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Generated Voltage opposes the flow of
current.
Counter emf can never be equal to and must
be always less than, the voltage impressed
across the armature terminals, because the
direction in which the current flows
determines first direction of the rotation and
thus the direction of the counter emf.
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Armature current is controlled and limited by
counter emf. Armature Current equation
Ohm’s law:
VA −Ec
IA=
RA
Where:
IA=armature current
VA=impressed voltage across the armature winding
Ec=counter emf generated in armature
RA=resistance of armature
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Example1. A 115-volt shunt motor has an armature
whose resistance is 0.22 ohm. Assuming a voltage drop
across the brush contacts of 2 volts, what armature
current will flow (a) when the counter emf is 108 volts?
(b) if the motor load is increased so that the counter
emf drops to 106 volts?
Solution:
(a)
Given:
VA=115 volt Ec =108 volts
RA=0.22 ohm
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
(115−2) −108
IA= 22.7 𝑎𝑚𝑝
0.22
(b)
Given:
VA=115 volt Ec =106 volts
RA=0.22 ohm
(115−2) −106
IA= 31.8 𝑎𝑚𝑝
0.22
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Emf depends upon two factors:
(1) The flux per pole 𝜙
(2) The speed of the rotation S in revolution per
minute
Ec=k𝜙S
Where:
k=is the proportionality constant
𝜙=flux per pole
S=speed of the rotation
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Example2. A compound motor operates at a
speed of 1,520 rpm when the voltage impressed
across the armature terminals is 230. If the flux
per pole is 620, 000 maxwells and the armature
resistance is 0.43 ohm calculate: (a) the counter
emf and (b) armature current (Assume a value
of k=2.2 × 10−7 and a brush drop of 2 volts).
Given:
VA=230 volt 𝜙= 620, 000 maxwells
RA=0.43 ohm S=1,520 rpm k=2.2 × 10−7
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
(a) Ec=(2.2 × 10−7 )(620,000)(1,520) =207.5 volts
(b)
Given:
(230−2) −207.5
IA= 47.7 𝑎𝑚𝑝
0.43
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Example3. If the load on the motor of the
Example 2 is increased so that the armature
current rises to 64 amp, what will be the speed
of the motor, assuming that the flux increases by
6 percent?
VA=230 volt 𝜙= 620, 000 maxwells
RA=0.43 ohm k=2.2 × 10−7
𝜙=(620,000)+(620,000)(0.06)
𝜙=(620,000)(1+0.06) = 657,000 maxwells
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
(230−2) −(64(0.43))
S= −7 = 1,390 𝑟𝑝𝑚
2.2×10 (657,000)
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Armature Current equation becomes
V A − k𝜙 𝑆
I A=
RA
As a matter of practical importance, it should be stated
that the counter emf developed in the armature of a
motor is usually between 80 and 95 percent of the
voltage impressed across the armature terminals.
The higher the percentage generally apply to the larger
motors, while the lower percentages apply to those
near or in fractional-horse power range.
It is significant that the motors in which Ec is a high
percentage of which Ec is small compared with VA will
have a low efficiency.
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Power in watts developed by the armature
is EcIA because it is equal to the power in
watts supplied to the armature VAIA minus
the copper loss in the armature 𝐼𝐴 2 .
Power equation:
EcIA = VAIA − IA2 − RA
Motor will develop the greatest power when the
counter emf is a maximum.
STARTING A DIRECT-CURRENT MOTOR
At the instant a d-c motor is starts the counter
emf is zero because the armature is not revolving.
As the armature accelerates to full speed, the Ec
rises to a value that causes proper value of the
armature current IA to flow; proper armature
current is that required by the armature to
permit it to drive its load at speed S.
Armature Current Eq:
VA −Ec
IA=
RA
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Example4. The Armature of a 230 volt motor has a
resistance of 0.312 ohm and takes 48 amp when
operating at a certain load. (a) Calculate the
counter emf and the power developed by the
armature (b) If the armature resistance had been
0.417 ohm, the other conditions remaining the
same, what would have been the values of counter
emf and the power developed in the armature?
(Assume a brush drop of 2 volts in both cases)
Given:
VA=230 volt RA=0.323 ohm
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
(a) Ec=(230-2)-(48)(0.312)= 213 volts
Power developed =(213)(48)= 10,220 watts
(b)Ec=(230-2)-(48)(0.417)= 208 volts
Power developed =(208)(48)= 10,000 watts
STARTING A DIRECT-CURRENT MOTOR
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Example5. The Armature of a 230 volt motor has
a resistance of 0.18 ohm. If the armature is not
exceed 76 amp, calculate: (a) the starting
resistance that must be inserted in series with
the armature at the instant starting; (b) value to
which the resistance can be reduced when the
armature accelerates until Ec is 168 volts; (c)the
armature current at the instant of starting if no
resistance is inserted in the armature circuits
(Assume a 2-volt drop at the brushes)
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORECE
(COUNTER EMF)
Given:
VA=230 volt RA=0.18 ohm
(230−2)−0
(a) R= − 0.18 = 2.82 ohms
(76)
(230−2)−1 6 8
(b) R= − 0.18 = 0.61 ohms
(76)
(230−2) −0
(c) IA= =1,265 amps
0.18
STARTING A DIRECT-CURRENT MOTOR
Motors may be started by simply closing the
switch line. Two reasons:
(1) The resistance and the inductance of the
armature winding are generally sufficiently high
to limit the initial rush of current to values that
are not particularly serious.
(2) The inertia of a small armature is generally so
low that it comes up to very quickly, thereby
minimizing the serious effect that might
otherwise result form a high sustained current.
