Chapter
14
Efficient Capital Markets and Behavioral
Challenges
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Concepts and Skills
Understand the importance of capital market
efficiency
Be able to define the forms of efficiency
Know the various empirical tests of market
efficiency
Understand the implications of efficiency for
corporate finance managers
14-2
Chapter Outline
14.1 Can Financing Decisions Create Value?
14.2 A Description of Efficient Capital Markets
14.3 The Different Types of Efficiency
14.4 The Evidence
14.5 The Behavioral Challenge to Market Efficiency
14.6 Empirical Challenges to Market Efficiency
14.7 Reviewing the Differences
14.8 Implications for Corporate Finance
14-3
14.1 Can Financing Decisions Create Value?
Earlier parts of the book show how to evaluate
investment projects according to the NPV criterion.
The next few chapters concern financing decisions,
such as:
How much debt and equity to sell
When to sell debt and equity
When (or if) to pay dividends
We can use NPV to evaluate financing decisions.
14-4
Creating Value through Financing
1. Fool Investors
Empirical evidence suggests that it is hard to fool investors
consistently.
2. Reduce Costs or Increase Subsidies
Certain forms of financing have tax advantages or carry other
subsidies.
3. Create a New Security
Sometimes a firm can find a previously-unsatisfied clientele and
issue new securities at favorable prices.
In the long-run, this value creation is relatively small.
14-5
14.2 A Description of Efficient Capital Markets
An efficient capital market is one in which stock
prices fully reflect available information.
The EMH has implications for investors and firms.
Since information is reflected in security prices quickly,
knowing information when it is released does an
investor little good.
Firms should expect to receive the fair value for
securities that they sell. Firms cannot profit from
fooling investors in an efficient market.
14-6
Foundations of Market Efficiency
Investor Rationality
Independence of events
Arbitrage
14-7
Stock Price Reactions
Stock
Price Overreaction to “good
news” with reversion
Delayed
response to
“good news”
Efficient market
response to “good news”
-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30
Days before (-) and
after (+) 14-8
Stock Price Reactions
Efficient market
Stock Delayed
response to “bad news”
Price response to
“bad news”
-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30
Overreaction to “bad Days before (-) and
news” with reversion after (+) 14-9
14.3 The Different Types of Efficiency
Weak Form
Security prices reflect all historical information
Semistrong Form
Security prices reflect all publicly available
information
Strong Form
Security prices reflect all information—public and
private
14-10
Weak Form Market Efficiency
Security prices reflect all information
found in past prices and volume.
If the weak form of market efficiency
holds, then technical analysis is of no
value.
Since stock prices only respond to new
information, which by definition arrives
randomly, stock prices are said to follow a
random walk. 14-11
Why Technical Analysis Fails
Investor behavior tends to eliminate any profit
opportunity associated with stock price patterns.
Stock Price
If it were possible to make
Sell
big money simply by
Sell finding “the pattern” in the
stock price movements,
Buy everyone would do it, and
Buy the profits would be
competed away.
Time 14-12
Semistrong Form Market Efficiency
Security prices reflect all publicly
available information.
Publicly available information includes:
Historical price and volume information
Published accounting statements
Information found in annual reports
14-13
Strong Form Market Efficiency
Security prices reflect all information—public
and private.
Strong form efficiency incorporates weak and
semistrong form efficiency.
Strong form efficiency says that anything
pertinent to the stock and known to at least
one investor is already incorporated into the
security’s price.
14-14
Information Sets
All information
relevant to a stock
Information set
of publicly available
information
Information
set of
past prices
14-15
What the EMH Does and Does NOT Say
Investors can throw darts to select stocks.
This is almost, but not quite, true.
An investor must still decide how risky a portfolio he wants
based on risk aversion and expected return.
Prices are random or uncaused.
Prices reflect information.
The price CHANGE is driven by new information, which by
definition arrives randomly.
Therefore, financial managers cannot “time” stock and bond
sales.
14-16
14.4 The Evidence
The record on the EMH is extensive, and, in large
measure, it is reassuring to advocates of the efficiency
of markets.
Studies fall into three broad categories:
1. Are changes in stock prices random? Are there profitable
“trading rules?”
2. Event studies: does the market quickly and accurately
respond to new information?
3. The record of professionally managed investment firms.
14-17
Are Changes in Stock Prices Random?
Can we really tell?
Many psychologists and statisticians believe that most
people want to see patterns even when faced with pure
randomness.
People claiming to see patterns in stock price
movements are probably seeing optical illusions.
A matter of degree
Even if we can spot patterns, we need to have returns
that beat our transactions costs.
Random stock price changes support weak form
efficiency.
14-18
What Pattern Do You See?
14-19
Event Studies
Event Studies are one type of test of the semistrong
form of market efficiency.
Recall, this form of the EMH implies that prices should
reflect all publicly available information.
To test this, event studies examine prices and returns
over time—particularly around the arrival of new
information.
Test for evidence of underreaction, overreaction,
early reaction, or delayed reaction around the event.
14-20
Event Studies
Returns are adjusted to determine if they are abnormal by
taking into account what the rest of the market did that day.
The Abnormal Return on a given stock for a particular day
can be calculated by subtracting the market’s return on the
same day (RM) from the actual return (R) on the stock for
that day:
AR= R – RM
The abnormal return can be calculated using the Market
Model approach:
AR= R – ( + RM)
14-21
Event Studies: Dividend Omissions
Efficient market
response to “bad news”
14-22
Event Study Results
Over the years, event study methodology has been
applied to a large number of events including:
Dividend increases and decreases
Earnings announcements
Mergers
Capital Spending
New Issues of Stock
The studies generally support the view that the
market is semistrong form efficient.
Studies suggest that markets may even have some
foresight into the future, i.e., news tends to leak out
in advance of public announcements.
14-23
The Record of Mutual Funds
If the market is semistrong form efficient, then
no matter what publicly available information
mutual fund managers rely on to pick stocks,
their average returns should be the same as those
of the average investor in the market as a whole.
We can test efficiency by comparing the
performance of professionally managed mutual
funds with the performance of a market index.
14-24
The Record of Mutual Funds
Taken from Lubos Pastor and Robert F. Stambaugh, “Mutual Fund Performance and Seemingly Unrelated Assets,” Journal of
Financial Exonomics, 63 (2002).
14-25
The Strong Form of the EMH
One group of studies of strong form market
efficiency investigates insider trading.
A number of studies support the view that
insider trading is abnormally profitable.
Thus, strong form efficiency does not seem
to be substantiated by the evidence.
14-26
14.5 The Behavioral Challenge
Rationality
People are not always rational.
Many investors fail to diversify, trade too much,
and seem to try to maximize taxes by selling
winners and holding losers.
14-27
The Behavioral Challenge
Independent Deviations from Rationality
Psychologists argue that people deviate from
rationality in predictable ways:
Representativeness: drawing conclusions from too
little data
This can lead to bubbles in security prices.
Conservativism: people are too slow in adjusting their
beliefs to new information.
Security prices seem to respond too slowly to earnings
surprises.
14-28
The Behavioral Challenge
Arbitrage
Suppose that your superior, rational, analysis shows that
company ABC is overpriced.
Arbitrage would suggest that you should short the shares.
After the rest of the investors come to their senses, you make
money because you were smart enough to “sell high and buy
low.”
But what if the rest of the investment community does not
come to their senses in time for you to cover your short
position?
This makes arbitrage risky.
14-29
14.6 Empirical Challenges
Limits to Arbitrage
“Markets can stay irrational longer than you can stay insolvent.”
John Maynard Keynes
Earnings Surprises
Stock prices adjust slowly to earnings announcements.
Behavioralists claim that investors exhibit conservatism.
Size
Small cap stocks seem to outperform large cap stocks.
Value versus Growth
High book value-to-stock price stocks and/or high E/P stocks
outperform growth stocks.
14-30
Empirical Challenges
Crashes
On October 19, 1987, the stock market dropped
between 20 and 25 percent on a Monday following
a weekend during which little surprising news was
released.
A drop of this magnitude for no apparent reason is
inconsistent with market efficiency.
Bubbles
Consider the tech stock bubble of the late 1990s.
14-31
14.7 Reviewing the Differences
Financial Economists have sorted themselves
into three camps:
1. Market efficiency
2. Behavioral finance
3. Those that admit that they do not know
This is perhaps the most contentious area in
the field.
14-32
14.8 Implications for Corporate Finance
If information is reflected in security prices quickly,
investors should only expect to obtain a normal rate of
return.
Awareness of information when it is released does an
investor little good. The price adjusts before the investor has
time to act on it.
Firms should expect to receive the fair value for
securities that they sell.
Fair means that the price they receive for the securities they
issue is the present value.
Thus, valuable financing opportunities that arise from fooling
investors are unavailable in efficient markets.
14-33
Implications for Corporate Finance
The EMH has three implications for corporate finance:
1. The price of a company’s stock cannot be affected by a
change in accounting.
2. Financial managers cannot “time” issues of stocks and
bonds using publicly available information.
3. A firm can sell as many shares of stocks or bonds as it
desires without depressing prices.
There is conflicting empirical evidence on all three
points.
14-34
Why Doesn’t Everybody Believe?
There are optical illusions, mirages, and apparent
patterns in charts of stock market returns.
The truth is less interesting.
There is some evidence against market efficiency:
Seasonality
Small versus large stocks
Value versus growth stocks
The tests of market efficiency are weak.
14-35
Quick Quiz
Define capital market efficiency.
What are the three forms of efficiency?
What does the evidence say regarding
the efficiency of capital markets?
What are the implications for corporate
finance managers?
14-36
