Introduction to Wavelets -
part 2
By Barak Hurwitz
Wavelets seminar
with Dr’ Hagit Hal-or
List of topics
• Reminder
• 1D signals
– Wavelet Transform
– CWT,DWT
– Wavelet Decomposition
– Wavelet Analysis
• 2D signals
– Wavelet Pyramid
– some Examples
Reminder – from last week
• Why transform?
• Why wavelets?
• Wavelets like basis components.
• Wavelets examples.
• Wavelets advantages.
• Continuous Wavelet Transform.
Reminder -Why transform?
Reminder –
Noise in Fourier spectrum
Noise
1D SIGNAL
Coefficient * sinusoid of appropriate
frequency
The original signal
Wavelet Properties
Short time localized waves
0 integral value.
Possibility of time shifting.
Flexibility.
Wavelets families
Wavelet Transform
Coefficient * appropriately scaled and
shifted wavelet
The original signal
CWT
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 Repeat steps 1-4 for all scales
Example –
A simulated lunar landscape
CWT of the “Lunar landscape”
1/46
scale
time
mother
Scale and Frequency
• Higher scale correspond to the most
“stretched” wavelet.
• The more stretched the wavelet –
the coarser the signal features being
measured by the wavelet coefficient.
Low scale High scale
Scale and Frequency (Cont’d)
• Low scale a : Compressed wavelet :Fine
details (rapidly changing) : High frequency
• High scale a : Stretched wavelet: Coarse
details (Slowly changing): Low frequency
Shift Smoothly over the
analyzed function
The DWT
• Calculating the wavelets coefficients at
every possible scale is too much work
• It also generates a very large amount of
data
Solution: choose only a subset of scales and
positions, based on power of two (dyadic choice)
Approximations and
Details:
• Approximations: High-scale, low-
frequency components of the signal
• Details: low-scale, high-frequency
components
LPF
Input Signal
HPF
Decimation
• The former process produces twice the data
• To correct this, we Down sample (or: Decimate)
the filter output by two.
A complete one stage block :
LPF A*
Input
Signal HPF D*
Multi-level Decomposition
• Iterating the decomposition process,
breaks the input signal into many lower-
resolution components: Wavelet
decomposition tree:
high pass filter
Low pass filter
Wavelet reconstruction
• Reconstruction (or synthesis) is the
process in which we assemble all
components back
Up sampling
(or interpolation) is
done by zero
inserting between
every two
coefficients
Example*:
* Wavelet used: db2
What was wrong with
Fourier?
• We loose the time
information
Short Time Fourier Analysis
• STFT - Based on the FT and using
windowing :
STFT
• between time-based and frequency-
based.
• limited precision.
• Precision <= size of the window.
• Time window - same for all frequencies.
What’s wrong with Gabor?
Wavelet Analysis
• Windowing technique with variable size
window:
• Long time intervals - Low frequency
• Shorter intervals - High frequency
The main advantage:
Local Analysis
• To analyze a localized area of a larger
signal.
• For example:
Local Analysis (Cont’d) low
frequency
• Fourier analysis Vs.
Wavelet analysis:
scale
Discontinuity effect
time
High
NOTHING! frequency
exact location
in time of the discontinuity.
2D SIGNAL
Wavelet function
• b – shift
coefficient
• a – scale
a , b x 1
a
x b
a
coefficient
1D function
• 2D
function a , bx , by x , y 1
a
x bx
a , y by
a
Time and Space definition
1D
• Time – for one dimension waves we
start point shifting from source to end
in time scale .
2D
• Space – for image point shifting is two
dimensional .
Image Pyramids
Wavelet Decomposition
Wavelet Decomposition-
Another Example
LENNA
LH
HL HH
high pass
high pass high pass
Coding Example
Original @ 8bpp
DWT DCT
@0.5bpp @0.5 bpp
Zoom on Details
DWT DCT
Another Example
0.15bpp 0.18bpp 0.2bpp
DCT
DWT
Where do we use Wavelets?
• Everywhere around us are signals that can
be analyzed
• For example:
– seismic tremors
– humanWavelet
speechanalysis is a new
andvibrations
– engine promising set of tools
– medical images
for analyzing these signals
– financial data
– Music
