Electric Circuit Components
• Passive: • Active:
–Resistors –Voltage Sources
–Capacitors –Current Sources
–Inductors –Amplifiers
Lab 3 P. 1
Basic Symbols
Battery Generator
Resistor Inductor Capacitor
Lab 3 P. 2
DC vs AC Signals
Lab 3 P. 3
Period, Frequency, RMS Value
Ip
I rms
1 Ip T = period (sec)
T = __ Irms f = frequency (Hz)
f 2 Ip = Peak Current (Amp)
Irms = rms value (Amp)
Lab 3 P. 4
Reviewing terms
Current : Flow of Electrons(Charge) in a closed circuit
i=dq/dt
Voltage: Work done in moving unit positive charge from
one point to other. V=dw/dq
Resistance: It is property of material to oppose flow of
current. R=ρL/A
Power
Voltage (volts)
Power (watts) P = VI Current (amps)
Power in electric circuits
• One watt is a pretty small amount of power.
• In everyday use, larger units are more
convenient to use.
• A kilowatt (kW) is equal to 1,000 watts.
• The other common unit of power often seen
on electric motors is the horsepower.
• One horsepower is 746 watts.
Simple Circuit: Ohm’s Law
• V=I.R
Lab 3 P. 8
KVL
Resistors in Series
• Current is the same through every resistor.
• Total voltage is the sum of the voltages across resistors.
• Total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances.
Lab 3 P. 11
Resistors in Parallel
• Voltage is the same across every resistor.
• Total current is the sum of the currents flowing through every resistor.
• Total resistance is the inverse of the sum of the inverse of individual
resistances.
Lab 3 P. 12
Voltage divider circuit
V0 = R2 Vi
R1 + R2
The Inductor
• There are two fundamental
principles of electromagnetics:
• 1. Moving electrons create a
magnetic field.
• 2. Moving or changing magnetic
fields cause electrons to move.
• An inductor is a coil of wire
through which electrons move,
and energy is stored in the
resulting magnetic field.
14
The Inductor
• Inductors are simply coils of
wire.
– Can be air wound (just air in
the middle of the coil)
– Can be wound around a
permeable material (material
that concentrates magnetic
fields)
– Can be wound around a
circular form (toroid)
15
The Inductor
• The rate at which current through
an inductor changes is
proportional to the voltage across • V=L di/dt
it.
• A coil (or inductor) has a
property called its inductance.
The larger the inductance, slower
the rate at which the current
changes.
16
The Inductor
The amount of inductance is influenced by a
number of factors:
– Number of coil turns.
– Diameter of coil.
– Spacing between turns.
– Size of the wire used.
– Type of material inside the coil.
17
INDUCTOR: “Friend” or “Foe?”
18
The Inductor
• Because the magnetic
field surrounding an
inductor can cut across
another inductor in
close proximity, the
changing magnetic field
in one can cause
current to flow in the
other … the basis of
transformers
19
Capacitors
• Store electric charge. Consist of two
conducting objects placed near one another
with a dielectric material in between them.
C=ε0A/d
Lab 3 P. 20
CAPACITOR
21
The Capacitor
Physical Construction
• Capacitors are rated by:
• – Amount of charge
that can be held.
• – The voltage handling
capabilities.
• – Insulating material
between plates.
C= Q/V coulomb/volt
22
The Capacitor
Ability to Hold a Charge
• Ability to hold a charge
depends on:
• – Conductive plate
surface area.
• – Space between plates.
• – Material between
plates.
23
Capacitors in Series
• Total voltage is the sum of
the individual voltages
across every capacitor.
• Total capacitance is the
inverse of the sum of the
inverse of individual
capacitances.
• Current will flow until
capacitors are charged.
Lab 3 P. 24
Charge of Capacitors
V ( t / RC )
ic e
R
Lab 3 P. 25
Discharge of Capacitors
Lab 3 P. 26
The Capacitor
Behavior in DC
•When connected to a DC source, the capacitor
charges and holds the charge as long as the DC
voltage is applied.
• The capacitor essentially block DC current from
passing through.
27
The Capacitor
Behavior in AC
•When AC voltage is applied, during one half of
the cycle the capacitor accepts a charge in one
direction.
• During the next half of the cycle, the capacitor is
discharged then recharged in the reverse
direction.
• During the next half cycle the pattern reverses.
• It acts as if AC current passes through a
capacitor
28
POWER (Cont)
True - Power that actually does work. (KW
Meter)
Reactive - Power used by reactive
elements.
(KVAR - not useful)
Apparent = combination of Ptrue and Preactive
Power. 29
Power Factor (PF)
• Ratio of TRUE Power (Wattmeter), to
APPARENT Power (KVA: Ammeter x
Voltmeter).
• Identifies Power Lost due to Reactive
Elements
• TP = KW = POWER FACTOR
• AP KVA
30
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33
34
35
36
Ammeters & Voltmeters
Lab 3 P. 37
