Chapter 12

Lecture Outline
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Components of Cardiovascular
System
• The Heart

• Blood Vessels

• Blood

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Carotid artery
Jugular vein
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk

Heart

Brachial artery

Inferior
vena cava

Femoral
artery
and vein

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 Functions
1. Regulates blood supply
2. Generates blood pressure
3. Routes blood
4. Ensures 1 way blood flow

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 Heart Characteristics
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Larynx

Trachea

Superior vena cava

Aortic arch
• Size:
Right lung

Right atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Left atrium
Left lung
size of a fist and weighs less
Right ventricle

Rib
Left ventricle than 1 lb.
Apex of heart

• Location:
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura

Diaphragm

between lungs in thoracic

(a)
Anterior view
cavity
• Orientation:
Midclavicular
line apex (bottom) towards left
2nd intercostal
space
Sternum
side
Apex of heart
5th intercostal
space

(b) 6
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Heart Coverings
• Pericardium:
double-layered sac that
anchors and protects
heart
• Parietal pericardium:
membrane around
heart’s cavity
• Visceral pericardium:
membrane on heart’s
surface
• Pericardial cavity:
space around heart

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 Heart Layers
• Epicardium:
surface of heart
(outside)
• Myocardium:
thick, middle layer
composed of cardiac
muscle
• Endocardium:
smooth, inner surface

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 Cardiac Muscle
• 1 centrally located
nucleus
• Branching cells
• Rich in mitochondria
• Striated (actin and
myosin)
• Ca2+ and ATP used for
contractions
• Intercalated disks
connect cells
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Chambers and Blood Vessels
• 4 Chambers:
- left atrium (LA)
- right atrium (RA)
- left ventricle (LV)
- right ventricle (RV)

• Coronary sulcus:
separates atria from ventricles

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 Atria
• Upper portion
• Holding chambers
• Small, thin walled
• Contract minimally to push blood into
ventricles
• Interatrial septum:
separates right and left atria

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 Ventricles
• Lower portion
• Pumping chambers
• Thick, strong walled
• Contract forcefully to propel blood out of
heart
• Interventricular septum:
separates right and left ventricles

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 Valves
• What are they?
structures that ensure 1 way blood flow

• Atrioventricular valves (AV):

between atria and ventricles

- Tricuspid valve:
- AV valve between RA and RV
- 3 cusps
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 - Bicuspid valve (mitral):
- AV valve between LA and LV
- 2 cusps

• Chordae tendineae:
- attached to AV valve flaps
- support valves

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• Semilunar valves:
- Pulmonary:
base of pulmonary trunk

- Aortic:
base of aorta

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 What happens when Bicuspid
Valve is Open?

• Blood flows from LA into LV.

• Aortic semilunar valve is closed.

• Tension on chordae tendineae is low.

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What happens when Bicuspid
Valve is Closed?

• Blood flows from LV into aorta.

• Aortic semilunar valve is open.

• Tension on chordae tendineae is high.

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 Right Side of Heart

• Pulmonary circuit:
- carries blood from heart to lungs
- blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich

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• Right Atrium:
- receives blood from 3 places: superior and
inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
- Superior vena cava:
drains blood above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax,
upper limbs)
- Inferior vena cava:
drains blood below diaphragm (abdominopelvic
cavity and lower limbs)
- coronary sinus:
drains blood from myocardium
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• Right Ventricle:
- opens into pulmonary trunk

- Pulmonary trunk:
splits into right and left pulmonary arteries

- Pulmonary arteries:
carry blood away from heart to lungs

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 Left Side of Heart
• Systemic circuit:
- carries blood from heart to body
- blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor

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• Left Atrium:
4 openings (pulmonary veins) that receive blood
from lungs

• Left Ventricle:
- opens into aorta
- thicker, contracts more forcefully, higher blood
pressure than right ventricle has to get to body

• Aorta:
carries blood from LV to body
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 Figure 12.5a

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Blood Flow through Heart
1. RA
2. Tricuspid valve
3. RV
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. LA
10. Bicuspid valve
11. LV
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta
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14. Body
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 Blood Supply to Heart
• Coronary arteries:
- supply blood to heart wall
- originate from base of aorta (above aortic
semilunar valve)

• Left coronary artery:

- has 3 branches
- supply blood to anterior heart wall and left
ventricle 31
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• Right coronary artery:
- originates on right side of aorta
- supply blood to right ventricle

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 Figure 12.11

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 Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle
• Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are
responsible for producing action potentials and is
called pacemaker potential.
1. Depolarization phase:
- Na+ channels open
- Ca2+ channels open
2. Plateau phase:
- Na+ channels close
- Some K+ channels open
- Ca2+ channels remain open 34
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3. Repolarization phase:
- K+ channels are open
- Ca2+ channels close

• Plateau phase prolongs action potential by

keeping Ca2+ channels open.

• In skeletal muscle action potentials take 2 msec,

in cardiac muscle they take 200-500 msec.

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 Conduction System of Heart
• What is it?
contraction of atria and ventricles by cardiac
muscle cells

• Sinoatrial node (SA node):

- in RA
- where action potential originates
- functions as pacemaker
- large number of Ca2+ channels
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Path of Action Potential through Heart
1. SA node
2. AV node (atrioventricular)
3. AV bundle
4. Right and Left Bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers

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 Electrocardiogram
• What is it?
- record of electrical events in heart
- diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
- uses electrodes
- contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave

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 Components of ECG/EKG
• P wave:
depolarization of atria

• QRS complex:
- depolarization of ventricles
- contains Q, R, S waves

• T wave:
repolarization of ventricles 41
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 Figure 12.16

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 Cardiac Cycle
• Heart is 2 side by side pumps: right and left
• Atria: primers for pumps
• Ventricles: power pumps

• Cardiac Cycle:
repetitive pumping action which includes
contraction and relaxation

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• Cardiac muscle contractions produce pressure
changes within heart chambers.

• Pressure changes are responsible for blood

movement.

• Blood moves from areas of high to low

pressure.

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• Atrial systole:
contraction of atria

• Ventricular systole:
contraction of ventricles

• Atrial diastole:
relaxation of atria

• Ventricular diastole:
relaxation of ventricles
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 Heart Sounds
• Stethoscope is used to hear lung and heart
sounds

• First sound is lubb, second is dupp

• Sounds result from opening and closing valves

• Murmurs are due to faulty valves

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 Regulation of Heart Function
• Stroke Volume:
- volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction
- 70 ml/beat
• Heart Rate:
- number of heart beats in 1 min.
- 72 beats/min.
• Cardiac Output:
- volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min.
- 5 L/min.
CO = SV x HR
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 Intrinsic Regulation of Heart
• What is it?
mechanisms contained within heart

• Venous return:
amt. of blood that returns to heart

• Preload:
degree ventricular walls are stretched at end of
diastole

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• Venous return, preload, stroke volume are
related to each other

• Starlings Law of the Heart:

- relationship between preload and stroke
volume
- influences cardiac output
- Ex. Exercise increases venous return, preload,
stroke volume, and cardiac output

• After load:
pressure against which ventricles must pump
blood
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 Extrinsic Regulation of Heart
• What is it?
- mechanisms external to heart
- nervous or chemical regulation

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 Figure 12.20

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Nervous Regulation: Baroreceptor Reflex
• What is it?
- mechanism of nervous system which regulates
heart function
- keeps heart rate and stroke volume in normal
range
- baroreceptors monitor blood pressure in aorta
and carotid arteries (carry blood to brain)
- changes in blood pressure cause changes in
frequency of action potentials
- involves medulla oblongata 55
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Chemical Regulation: Chemoreceptor Reflex
• What is it?
- chemicals can affect heart rate and stroke
volume
- epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal
medulla can increase heart rate and stroke
volume
- excitement, anxiety, anger an increase cardiac
output
- depression can decrease cardiac output

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- medulla oblongata has chemoreceptors for
changes in pH and CO2

- K+, Ca2+, and Na+ affect cardiac function

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 Heart Attack
• Thrombus:
- blood clot blocks coronary blood vessel
causes heart attack
- daily aspirin can prevent by thinning blood

• Infarct:
area that dies from lack of O2

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 Heart Procedures
• Angioplasty:
procedure opens blocked blood vessels
• Stent:
structures inserted to keep vessels open
• Bypass:
procedure reroutes blood away from blocked
arteries

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