CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM flanked on each side by the lungs.

Put your hands flat on the middle of THE HEART

your chest
Connected with many blood vessels
Just a few inches the palm of your
hand – under the layer of skin, muscle made up of involuntary muscle
and bone is your heart. duration of one heart is 0.8 sec.
IT BEATS NON STOP- DAY AND THE HEART
NIGHT ALL THROUGH YOUR LIFE
size varies with the size of the
TRANSPORTATION individual
MAJOR FUNCTION on average, it is about 9cms wide &
using BLOOD as the transport 12 cms long, a size of closed fist
vehicle, the system carries oxygen, APEX
nutrients, cell waste, hormones and
other substances vital for body pointed end of the heart directed
homeostasis to and from the cells inferiorly, anteriorly, and to the left.
provided by the beating heart and BP.
extends downward to the level of the
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 5th intercostals space.
a closed system of the heart and BASE- from which great body cells of
blood vessels the body emerge
 The heart pumps blood towards --- larger and less pointed than the apex
the lungs and towards the rest of
the body. --- its most superior portion is at the
 Blood vessels (network of tubes) level of the 2nd rib
allow blood to circulate to all
Enclosed by a double walled sac called
parts of the body.
PERICARDIUM (PERICARDIAL SAC)
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1.Fibrous pericardium – loosely fitting
HEART and BLOOD VESSES are the sac that helps protect the heart and
primary organs of the CS. anchors it to its surrounding structures.
(diaphragm & sternum)
Using blood as the transporting fluid
2.Serous pericardium- slippery and 2
Cardiovascular system carries oxygen, layered
nutrients, hormones and other
substances A. Visceral layer (epicardium) – part of
the heart wall
To and from tissue cells where
exchanges are made B. Parietal layer – lines the interior of
the fibrous pericardium.
The heart acts as the blood pump,
propels blood out of it’s chambers into THE HEART: COVERINGS
the blood vessels to be transported to all
Serous fluid fills the space between
body tissues.
the layers of pericardium to reduce
LOCATION: friction as they rub against each other
during heart contractions.
MEDIASTINUM – the middle
mediastinal regions of the thoracic
cavity.

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PERICARDITIS Left ventricles – has thicker myocardium
compared to the right ventricle
PERICARDIAL LAYERS bind and
stick to each other forming painful THE HEART : CHAMBERS
adhesions interfering heart movements.
The septum that divides the heart
Inflammation of the pericardium which longitudinally is the
may interfere with the production of the
serous fluid that lubricates the visceral Interventricular septum or interatrial
and parietal layers. septum, depending on which chamber it
divides.
THE HEART: HEART WALL
-a muscular partition b/n the Right and
Epicardium (thin outside layer) Left ventricles

-serous membrane consisting of BLOOD CIRCULATION

connective tissue covered by simple
squamous epithelium The heart function as a double pump

Myocardium (thick middle layer) 2 circuits: Pulmonary and Systemic

-mostly cardiac muscle tissue; this layer The right side of the heart is the
contracts that provides the force that pulmonary circuit pump.
ejects blood from the heart and moves it
 In the pulmonary circulation, the
through blood vessels.
blood circulates to and from the
-reinforced internally by the “skeleton of lungs, to release the carbon
the heart”, a dense fibrous connective dioxide and pick up new oxygen.
tissue. The systemic cycle is controlled
by the left side of the heart, the
Endocardium (smooth thin inner layer) pulmonary cycle by the right side
of the heart.
>layer of simple squamous epithelium
THE HEART: ASOCIATED GREAT
*lines the heart chambers
VESSELS
*forms the valves of the heart &
(Rt) Pulmonary Circulation:
continuous with lining of blood vessels
receives O2 poor blood from veins of
*glistening sheet of endothelium body through the inferior and
superior vena cana
THE HEART: CHAMBERS
-Blood enters to the Vena Cava then
Right and left side acts as separate enters right atrium
pumps
-Blood flows into the rt ventricle
FOUR CHAMBERS
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
1.Right and Left Atria
>blood descends into the right
>receiving chambers, not so important ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
for pumping When the ventricle contracts, the
blood is pushed into the pulmonary
>low pressure blood flows in and artery that branches into 2 main
continues on to fill ventricles parts:
2. Right and left ventricles: one going the left lung
>pumping of discharging chambers one to the right lung
>the actual pumps

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 >ventricle pumps blood out the THE HEART : AV VALVES
pulmonary trunk, which splits into the
pulmonary arteries. When the heart is relaxed, blood
passively fills chambers and the AV
>Pulmonary arteries now carry blood valves hang limp.
to the lungs.
When the ventricles contract, the
IN THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION, the intraventricular pressure rises.
blood circulates into body’s systems,
bringing oxygen to all its organs, The A-valve are forced upward,
structures and tissues and collecting closing the valves.
carbon dioxide waste. The chordae tendineae anchor the
THE HEART: Associated great vessels flaps and keep them from blowing
upward into the atria.
(Lft) SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
THE HEART: SEMILUNAR VALVES
>Starts Left atrium receives o2 rich
blood from lungs through the 4 >At the bases of the aorta and
pumonary veins. pulmonary artery

>As the chambers fills, it presses open >Thus, they are known as the
the mitral valve and blood flows down Pulmonary and Aortic semilunar valves
into the left ventricle. >Each has 3 leaflets
>Left Ventricle pumps blood out into >When the ventricles contract, they are
aorta, from which all systemic arteries forced open, flat against the walls of the
branch. arteries.
LEFT VENTRICLE >when ventricles relax, blood flows
-its heart walls are thicker than the right backward, then the leaflets fill and close.
ventricle and is much more powerful CARDIAC (CORONARY)
pump CIRCULATION
 supplies all body organs with nutrient Blood in the heart chambers does not
rich blood nourish the myocardium
THE HEART: VALVES the heart has its own nourishing
4 valves: allow blood to flow in only one circulatory system.
direction & prevents backflow of blood >Rt. And Lft. Coronary arteries branch
from the ventricles towards the atrium. from the aorta; encircle the heart on the
2 atrioventricular (AV) valves – between coronary sulcus (AV groove).
Atria and Ventricles >Myocardium drained by several cardiac
BICUSPID (mitral valve) (left side) veins

TRICUSPID VALVE (right side) >Blood empties into the right atrium via
the coronary sinus.
have chordate tendineae (heart
strings)

2 Semilunar valves between Ventricle

and Artery

Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valve

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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION aka “heart -Establishes the basic rhythm of the
attack” heartbeat because even without any
stimulation, it rhythmically initiates
Lack of oxygen to the myocardium- impulses (action potential) 70 to 80
-Short Duration: crushing chest pain times/min.
called Angina Pectoris CONDUCTION SYSTEM: HOW DOES
-Prolonged: heart cells die, forming an IT WORK? HEART CIRCULATION
“infarct” (dead tissue) >SA mode: starts each heart beat and
-Resulting myocardial infarction is a sets the pace.
“heart attack” or “coronary.” >From the SA node, the impulse
THE HEART: INTRINSIC spreads through the atria to the AV
CONDUCTION SYSTEM node.The atria contract.

>The heart has an intrinsic conduction CONDUCTION SYSTEM: HOW DOES

system or the nodal system. IT WORK?

>Unlike skeletal muscle cells, which >At the AV node, the impulse is delayed
require nerve impulses, cardiac muscle briefly to give the atria time to contract.
cells can spontaneously and >The impulse then spreads: AV node to
independently contract. AV bundle to bundle branches to the
>But atrial cells and ventricular cells Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricle to
have different rhythms, thus a unifying contract.
control system is needed. CARDIAC CYCLE
THE HEART: CONDUCTION SYSTEM Cardiac Cycle= the events of one
>Special tissues is like a cross between complete heart beat during which both
nervous and muscle tissue. atria and ventricles contract and then
relax.
>Causes the depolarization of the
cardiac muscle in 1 direction from the >In a healthy heart both atria contract
atria to the ventricles. simultaneously, then atria relaxes, then
the ventricles contract
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
COMPONENTS Sytole = heart contraction\

1.Sinoatrial (SA) node (aka the Diastole = heart relaxation

Pacemaker) Cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds
2.Atrioventricular (AV) node CARDIAC CYCLE:
3. ATRIOVENTRICULAR bundle 1.Mid-to-late diastole – heart relaxed,
(bundle of His) blood flows through atria, into ventricles.
4. Bundle branches Then the atria contract, forcing
remaining blood into the ventricles.
5.Purkinje Fibers
2.Ventricular Systole - blood pressure
CONDUCTION SYSTEM builds before the ventricle contracts,
COMPONENTS pushing out blood, AV valves close =
“lub”
Sinoatrial (SA) node (aka the
Pacemaker) 3.Early Diastole – at end of sytole,
semilunar valves close = “;dup”; atria
-Located near the entrances of the SVC

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finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is CARDIAC OUTPUT
low.
>is the amount of blood pumped out by
HEART SOUNDS each side of the heart (each ventricle) in
one (1) minute.
>Cycle sounds: Lub dup pause, lub dup
pause,… >varies on the demands of the body

Lub = caused by AV valves closing >it is the product of the HR and SV

Dupp = caused by semilunar valves >FORMULA

closing
CO= Heart X Stroke Volume
>Abnormal heart sounds are “murmurs”.
(beats/min) (ml./beat)
>Common in children with perfectly
normal hearts, and some elderly people, Ex. HR(75beats/min.) X SV (70
as their heart walls are thin and vibrate. ml./beat)

>Most are caused by valves not closing CO= 5250ml./min.

properly. 6,000 ml. = normal adult blood volume
ECG OR EKG CARDIAC OUTPUT
The electrocardiograph detects -varies with the demands of the body
electrical currents that spread through
the body as these impulses pass -rises when the stroke volume is
through the heart. increased or the HR bats faster.
ECG OR EKG STROKE VOLUME
3 Recognizable waves: >is the amount of blood pumped from a
ventricle each time the ventricle
1. P wave- depolarization of atria before contracts.
atrial contraction
>stoke volume usually remains relatively
2. QRS wave – depolarization of the constant
ventricles, followed by contraction of the
ventricles >however when blood volume drops
suddenly or when the heart is
3. T wave- repolarization of the weakened, stroke volume declines and
ventricles the cardiac output is maintained by a
>Abnormalities in the shape or timing faster heartbeat
indicate problems. >Regulation of SV
ECG OR EKG >a healthy heart pumps about 60% of
>Some possible problems the blood present in its ventricles,
approximately 70ml. (about 2 ounces)
1. Ischemia – inadequate blood flow, with each heartbeat.
can lead to fibrillation
STROKE VOLUME
2. Fibrillation –uncontrolled shuddering
STARLING’S LAW OF THE HEART
3. Tachycardia – rapid heart rate (over
100 beats/min) -as a blood fills the ventricles, the
cardiac muscle fibers stretch to
4. Bradycardia – slow heart rate (less accompany the increasing volume.
than 60 beats/min)

5
-the more that the cardiac muscle is -Exercise
stretched, the stronger the contraction.
-Body temperature
(Venous return) – impt. Factor in
stretching the heart muscle. >resting heart rate is fastest in fetus and
gradually decreases throughout life,
-anything that increases the volume or
speed of venous return also increases >Average HR is faster in females (72-
the SV or force of contraction. 80) than in males (64-72)

REGULATION OF THE HEART RATE >heart increases the HR by boosting the

– DO NOT INCLUDE metabolic rate of heart cells, cold has
the opposite effect.
1. Increased heart rate

2. Sympathetic nervous system

>> As the heart beats, BLOOD is
>Crisis propelled into the large ARTERIES
leaving the heart. Then moves into
>Low blood pressure smaller arteries then to the
3. Hormones ARTERIOLES which feed the
CAPILLARY BEDS into the Tissues
>Epinephrine and then the CB are drained by venules
and then turn empty into the veins that
>Thyroxine finally empties into the great vein (vena
cava) entering the heart. Thus
4. Exercise
ARTERIES which carries blood away
5. Decreased blood volume from the heart and veins which drain the
tissues and return the blood to the heart
6. Decreased heart rate are conducting vessels – the freeways
and secondary roads.
7. Parasympathetic nervous system
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE
8. High Blood Pressure or Blood volume
BLOOD VESSELS
9. Decreased venous return
1. Arteries – its walls are thicker
10. In congestive heart failure the heart than the veins
is worn out and pumps weakly. Digitalis 2. Capillaries
works to provide a slow, steady, but 3. Veins
stronger beat.
ARTERIES
FACTORS MODIFYING BASIC HR
>carries blood away from the heart
1.Neural (ANS) Controls
>pulmonary arteries transport blood with
>times of physical & emotional stress, a low oxygen content
the nerves of the sympathetic division of
>3 layers of arterial wall (tunics)
the ANS strongly stimulate the SA and
AV nodes and the cardiac muscle itself 1. TUNICA INTIMA (tunica interna) –
lines the lumen, a thin layer of
>various hormones & ions have an
endothelium
effect on the heart activity (epinephrine)
2. TUNICA MEDIA – bulky middle coat,
Physical Factors
primarily smooth muscle & usually
-Age the thickest

-Gender

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4. TUNICA EXTERNA (tunica >Lumens of veins is much larger
adventitia) – outermost tunic than the arteries and the larger have
composed of fibrous VALVES that prevent backflow of the
connective tissue. blood.

ARTERIES BLOOD FLOW – relationship of

Blood flow to pressure
>walls of the arteries are thicker than
the veins BLOOD FLOW – refers to the
movement of blood through the
>tunica media tends to be heavier vessels from the arteries, to the
>its walls is strong and stretchy to capillaries and towards the veins
take continuous changes in the PRESSURE – is measure of the
pressure cause it is closer to the forces that the blood exerts against
pumping action of the heart must be the vessel walls.
able to expand.
It moves the blood through the
MAJOR ARTRIES OF THE vessels.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
PULSE
Aorta – largest artery of the body
-pressure wave of blood
CAPILLARIES
-is the alternating expansion & recoil
>smallest and most numerous of the of an artery in response to the surge
blood vessels of blood ejected from the L ventricle
>forms the connection between the during contraction
blood vessels that carry blood way >Monitored at “pressure points”
from the heart (arteries) and the where pulse is easily palpated.
vessels that carry blood towards the
heart. BLOOD PRESSURE

>transparent walls of the capillaries -refers to the arterial blood pressure,

are not only one cell layer which is the pressure in the aorta and its
the tunica intima branches

>because it its thinness, exchange >SYSTOLIC PRESSURE

are easily made between the blood
and the tissue cells --the pressure in the arteries is
greatest during ventricular
>MICROCIRCULATION- flow of contraction when blood is forcefully
blood from an arteriole to a ejected from the left ventricle into the
venulethrough a capillary bed. aorta.

VEINS DIASTOLIC PRESSURE – is the

difference between the systolic
>carry blood towards the heart pressure and the diastolic pressure.
>the walls of the veins have the PULSE PRESSURE – is the
same 3 layers as the arteries difference between the systolic
>far from the heart in the circulatory pressure and the diastolic pressure.
pathway and the pressure is low all Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) – is
the time that’s why its walls are the standard unit of measurement of
thinner the BP.

7
>because the heart alternately - Characterized by saw-toothed
contracts and relaxes, the off and on Atrial wave formation
flow of blood into the arteries cause
the BP to rise and fall during each STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES OF
beat. THE VEINS, ARTERIES AND
CAPILLARIES
>2 arterial BP measurements:
VEINS
1. Systolic Pressure – pressure in
the arteries at the peak of ventricular >are far from the heart in the circulatory
contraction pathway

2.Diastolic pressure – the pressure >pressure in them tends to be low

when the ventricles are relaxing. >have thinner walls
EFFECTS OF VARIOS FACTORS >lumens of veins are larger than the
ON BP arteries & the larger vein have VALVES
>Arterial Bp is directly related to the (prevents backflow of blood)
cardiac output and peripheral. STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES OF
>BP = CO X PR (peripheral THE VEINS, ARTERIES AND
resistance) CAPILLARIES

>PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE – is CAPILLARIES

the amount of friction encountered >its transparent walls are only one layer
by the blood as it flows to the blood thick, only the TUNICA INTIMA
vessels.
>forms interweaving networks called
BP CAPILLARY BEDS
 Systolic 11101140 mmHg >MICROCIRCULATION - the flow of
 75 -80 mm Hg blood from an arteriole to a venule – that
 What is normal to u may not be is through a capillary bed.
normal to another
In the most body regions, a capillary bed
INFLUENTIAL FACTORS ON THE
consist of 2 types of vessels; namely:
BP
1. Vascular Shunt- a vessel that directly
>Neural factors
connects the arteriole and the venule at
>Renal factors (Kidneys) – play the opposite ends of the bed
major role in regulating arterial BP by
2. True Capillaries – the actual
altering blood volume, if both
exchange vessels
increases, the kidneys allow more
water to leave the body in the urine. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
-temperature 1. VARICOSE VEINS (spider veins)
-chemical –epinephrine -tortuous, twisted, & enlarged veins
usually in the legs & ankles
-diet
–caused by the pooling of blood in the
ATRIAL FLUTTER
feet & legs & inefficient venous return
- Dysrhythmia arising in an ectopic resulting from inactivity or pressure in
pacemaker or the site of a rapid the veins
reentry circuit in atria
-common in women than in men

8
2. THROMBOPHLEBITIS –
inflammation of a vein that results when
a clot form in a vessel with poor
circulation.

MAJOR ARTERIES OF THE SYTEMIC

CIRCULATION

AORTA – the largest artery in the body

Different parts of the aorta:

ASCENDING AORTA

=an aorta that springs upward

=about 5cm in length and begins at the

aortic valve.

Right and Left Coronary Arteries

=Arise from the ascending aorta

=the only branches of the ascending

aorta that serves the heart.

ARTERIAL BRANCHES OF THE

AORTIC ARCH

>BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK

>LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY

>LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

Arterial branches of the THORACIC

aorta

>10 PAIRS OF INTERCOSTAL

ARTERIES

THORACIC AORTA

-about 20 cm in long and is a

continuation of the arch of the aorta

-it begins at the level of the

intervertebral disc between the fourth
and fifth thoracic vertebrae, where it lies
to the left of the vertebral column