Universe and Solar
System
Rhenn B. Songco, RN, LPT
Learning Outcomes:
1. State the different hypotheses explaining the
origin of the universe
2. Prove that the universe is expanding
3. Formulate own theory about the origin of the
universe.
Cosmology
-study of the universe, including its properties,
structure and evolution.
Origin of the Universe
Big Bang Theory
Creationist Theory
Oscillating Theory
Steady-State Theory
Big Bang Theory
All of the energy and matter of the universe were
compressed into a hot and dense state.
Temperature decreased sufficiently to allow clumps
of matter to collect. These materials formed the first
nebulae.
The first nebulae evolved into the first stars and
galaxies.
In 1930, the American astronomer, Edwin P.
Hubble, showed that the universe is expanding.
The space formed by the Big Bang was filled by
intense, extremely energetic high frequency
radiation called the primeval fireball. Radiation
from the dying embers of primeval fireball now
permeates all of space in the form of microwaves,
which continuously stretch out more and more as
the universe expands.
Creationist Theory
This theory states that God, the Supreme Being
created the whole universe out of nothing. The
proof can be read in the bible stipulating that God
created the heavens and the earth including man.
Oscillating Universe Theory
This theory was proposed by a Russian-born US
cosmologist George Gamow.
He said that the expansion of the universe will
eventually come to a halt then it collapses up to
the time that the universe will return to its original
form and another Big Bang will occur. This process
will happen as a cycle.
Steady- State Theory
This theory states that the universe has always
been the same since the beginning and will remain
in its present state until eternity.
It further claims that new galaxies appear as a
result of the drifting apart of other galaxies.
Our Expanding Universe
The cosmos is still expanding in a Doppler red shift
in the light we receive.
The red shift also called cosmological red shift
shows an increasing distance between us and
other galaxies.
Red shifted galaxy light shows not only that the
universe is expanding but also that is expanding
more slowly.
Formation of the Solar
System
Learning Outcomes:
1. State the different hypotheses explaining the
origin of the solar system.
2. Cite and profile the other members of the solar
system.
3. Illustrate the parts of the sun and the phases of
the moon.
4. Discuss the life cycle of the stars.
5. Explain the current information on the solar
system.
Origin of the Solar System
In 1796, Marquis de Laplace, a French astronomer,
proposed the nebular hypothesis:
a. That the solar system evolved from a slowly rotating
gaseous cloud.
b. As it cooled by radiation and contracted, it rotated
faster and faster, causing the gas to take a disk-like
form.
c. At a certain speed the gravitational attraction could
no longer hold the outer material to the central mass,
and it broke into a ring. This material condensed and
form a planet.
d. The process continued, forming planets at various
distances from the sun. the moons around the
planets were formed by the same process.
The Planets of the Solar System
Two (2) Groups:
Terrestrial Jovian
Mercury Jupiter
Venus Saturn
Earth Uranus
Mars Neptune
Terrestrial Group
Mercury
-the planet closest to the sun
-it takes only 88 Earth-days to
make one revolution
-it rotates only three times for
each two revolutions
-day temperature: 315
degree Celsius
-night temperature: -149
degree Celsius
Venus
-it is the brightest planet
-it takes 243 Earth-days to make
one revolution
-”evening star” during March and
April
-”morning star” during September
and October
-”Earth’s twin” with respect to size,
density and distance from the Sun
-surface temperature: 480 degree
Celsius
Earth
-it is the blue planet, with
more water surface than
land
-day and night
temperature: conducive to
life
-it takes 365 days to make
one revolution
Mars
-is a little more than half the Earth’s
size
-its mass is about 1/9 that of the Earth
-like Earth, it has a core, mantle and
crust
-its atmosphere is about 95% CO2,
with only 0.15% O2
-day temperature: 30 degree Celsius
-night temperature: -130 degree
Celsius
-it takes 2 Earth-years to orbit the sun
-it has 2 small moons– Phobos and
Deimos
Jovian Group
Jupiter
-it is the largest planet
-its mass is 318 times of the Earth
-its diameter is 143,000 km, hence, it
is called the “giant planet”
-it appears to be covered with
alternating bands of multi-colored
clouds parallel to the equator
-it rotates once in less than 10 hours
-it has 67 moons
-among the 4 largest moons are Lo
and Europa discovered by Galileo in
1610
Saturn
-its diameter is nearly 10 times that
of the Earth
-it is composed of hydrogen and
helium
-it has 4 major rings and hundreds
of ringlets
-it has 23 moons beyond its ring, the
largest is Titan which is 1.6 times
larger than our moon
-its other moon is Lapetus, very
bright and the other side dark
Uranus
-it has a diameter of 47,000 km
-its mass is 14.6 times that of the Earth
-it was discovered by William Herschel
in 1781
-in 1977, it was discovered that it is
also surrounded by rings
-its atmosphere has hydrogen and
methane
-its temperature: -170 degree Celsius,
that makes this a “cold planet”
-it has at least 17 moons
Neptune
-similar to Uranus in terms of size and
green appearance due to methane in its
atmosphere
-its atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and
helium with some methane and
ammonia
-its diameter is about 3.9 times that of
the Earth
-its mass is 17 times greater than the
Earth
-it has at least 8 moons, 2 of which are
the Triton, its largest moon, and Nereid,
the smaller moon.
Thank you!
-Sir Pogi
