EME 4353 Advanced Engineering Materials
Lecture 1 :
Engineering Materials: An Introduction
Learning Objectives
1. Establish the importance of materials science and
engineering in selection of materials for various
application.
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Types of Materials
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Type of Materials
1. Metal – compose of one or more metallic elements
• Ferrous and non-ferrous
2. Polymers – organic-based long molecular
chains/networks
• Fibers, plastics and elastomer
3. Ceramics – inorganic material consist of metallic and
non-metallic element
• Traditional and advanced
4. Composites – two or more materials type integrated to
form a new one
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Type of Materials
5. Advanced materials – materials ultilized in high-technology
applications
• Traditional materials whose properties has been enhanced or
newly developed, high performance materials
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Metal alloy Classification
Non ferrous alloy: Copper,
Aluminum, Magnesium,
Titanium, Nickel, etc.
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Numerical Codes
1. The best known numerical code is the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) code.
2. The SAE system is based on the use of four-or five digit
numbers.
• The first number indicates the type of alloy used. For example,
1 indicates a carbon steel, 2 indicates nickel steel.
• The second, and sometimes the third, number gives the amount
of the main alloy in whole percentage numbers.
• The last two, and sometimes three, numbers give the carbon
content in hundredths of 1 percent (0.01 percent).
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Major classifications of steel
SAE 1045 SAE
Type
1- Type of steel (carbon). designation
0- Percent of alloy (none). 1xxx Carbon steels
45- Carbon content (0.45-percent). 2xxx Nickel steels
Nickel-chromium
SAE 2330 3xxx
steels
2- Type of steel (nickel). 4xxx Molybdenum steels
3- Percent of alloy (3-percent nickel). 5xxx Chromium steels
30- Carbon content (0.30-percent).
Chromium-vanadium
6xxx
steels
SAE 71650
7xxx Tungsten steels
7- Type of steel (tungsten).
Nickel-chromium-
16- Percent of alloy (16-percent tungsten). 8xxx
molybdenum steels
50- Carbon content (0.50-percent).
Silicon-manganese
9xxx
steels
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Polymers
Types of polymers:
1. Plastics – thermoplastic or thermoset
2. Elastomers – rubber
3. Natural polymer – cellulose, lignin and protein.
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Plastics
1. Thermoplastic
Can be reheated and reformed into new shapes a number
of times without significant change in their properties
Upon heating, thermoplastics soften and melt, which allows
them to be shaped using plastics processing equipment
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Thermoplastic Polymers
Examples: Polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene,
polystyrene, and nylon
Plastics
2. Thermosets
Plastics formed into a permanent shape and cured (set) by
a chemical reaction
Cannot be remelted and reformed into another shape.
→ degrade or decompose upon being heated to too
high temp
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Thermosetting Polymers
Examples: Phenolic, epoxies, and certain polyesters
Plugs, sockets and lamp holders
Elastomers
1. Polymeric materials whose dimensions can be greatly
changed when stressed and the process is reversible.
2. Classified into 2 majors groups:
a) Natural rubber: cis-1,4 isoprene
a) Synthetic rubbers: styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR),
nitrile rubbers and neoprene
Chemical structure of SBR
rubber copolymer
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Ceramics
Traditional ceramics
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Traditional ceramics
Can be further classified as
• silicates
• Non-silicates (oxides, carbide, nitrates)
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Silica-based (SiO2)
1. Glasses: non-crystalline silicates (70% SiO2) containing other
oxides (CaO, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3)
2. Clay products: hydrated aluminum silicates (Al2O3.SiO2.H2O) with
small amount of other oxides (TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O,
Al2O3)
3. Refractories: capacity to withstand high temperatures without
melting or decomposing
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Non silica based
1. Abrasives – used to wear, grind, and cut away other
materials. Requisite is hardness and wear resistance
e.g. diamond, silicon carbide (SiC), tungsten carbide
(WC), aluminum oxide
2. Cements – cements, plaster of paris and lime. Form
paste when mixed with water and subsequently sets
and harden.
2CaO-SiO2 + xH2O → 2CaO-SiO2-xH2O
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Composites
Multiphase materials with significantly different physical or chemical
properties separated by a distinct interface, that when combined,
produce a material with characteristics different from the individual
components.
(diameter
0.01 - 0.1 m)
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Fiber-reinforced Composites
1. Technologically, fiber is the most important of all
dispersed phase.
2. Design goals include high strength and stiffness on
weight basis (specific strength or specific modulus).
3. The matrix phase of fibrous composites can be either
metal (MMC), polymer (PMC) or ceramic (CMC).
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Properties of the Fiber for reinforcement
3 parameters of the fiber that can influence the mechanical
properties of a composite:
• Length
• Orientation and concentration
Properties Longitudinal (Oo) Transverse (90o)
Tensile strength, MPa 1860 65
Modulus of elasticity, GPa 145 9.4
Ultimate tensile strain (%) 1.2 0.70
• Fiber phase – whiskers, fibers and wires
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Advanced Materials
1. Piezoelectric ceramics
• Literally means “pressure electric” – induced electric
polarization (electric field or voltage) when a mechanical strain
is imposed or vice versa.
• Example: barium titanate (BaTiO3), lead zirconate-titanate
(PZT) and sodium potassium niobate (NaKNbO3)
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2. Micromechanical Systems (MEMS)
• Miniature smart systems integrated with large numbers of
electrical elements on a substrate of silicon.
a) Microsensors collect
environmental information
(mechanical, thermal, chemical)
b) Microactuators perform
responses like positioning,
moving, pumping, regulating
and filtering
c) Microelectronics processes
information and signals
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Nanomaterials
Definition according to European Commission:
“… the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external
dimensions is in the size range 1 nm – 100 nm.”
Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties
compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique
applications. Nanostructured Cu has yield strength six times that of
coarse-grained Cu.
Two main approaches used in nanotechnology are top-down and
bottom-up techniques.
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Nanomaterials synthesis
“Top-down approach”
To create smaller
devices by using larger
ones to direct their
assembly
“Bottom up approach”
To arrange smaller
components into more
complex assemblies
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