Design of Shell and Head for

Internal Pressure

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 ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1 code

Rules for Construction of Pressure

Vessels

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Structure of ASME Sec VIII Div.1 Code

• Sub Section A - General Requirements

– Part UG – General Requirements of All Methods of Construction and all Materials UG
1 to UG 140
• Sub Section B - Requirements Pertaining to methods of Fabrication of
Pressure Vessels
– Part UW – Requirements of Pressure Vessels fabricated by Welding UW 1
to UW 65
– Part UF – Requirements of Pressure Vessels fabricated by Forging UF 1 to
UF125
– Part UB – Requirements of Pressure Vessels fabricated by Brazing UB 1 to UB60

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Structure of ASME Sec VIII Div.1 Code

• Sub Section C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials

– Part UCS – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and
Low Alloy Steels UCS 1 to UCS 160
– Part UNF – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of
Non Ferrous Materials UNF1 to UNF 125
– Part UHA – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy
Steels UHA 1 to UHA 109
– Part UCI – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron UCI 1
to UCI 125

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Continue:-
• Sub Section C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials
– Part UCS – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and
Low Alloy Steels UCS 1 to UCS 160
– Part UNF – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of
Non Ferrous Materials UNF1 to UNF 125
– Part UHA – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy
Steels UHA 1 to UHA 109
– Part UCI – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron UCI 1
to UCI 125

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Continue:-
• Sub Section C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials
– Part UCL – Requirements of Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials
with Corrosion Resistant Integral Cladding, Weld Metal Overlay Cladding or With
Applied Linings UCL1 to UCL 60

– Part UCD – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Ductile Iron

UCD 1 to UCD 125

– Part UHT – Requirements of Pressure Vessels Constructed of Ferritic Steels

with Tensile Properties Enhanced by Heat Treatment. UHT 1 to UHT 125

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Structure of ASME Sec VIII Div.1 Code

• Sub Section C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials

– Part ULW – Requirements of Pressure Vessels fabricated by Layered
Construction ULW1 to ULW 125
– Part ULT – Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials having
higher allowable stresses at lower temperature ULT 1 to ULT 125
– Part UHX – Rules for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers UHX 1 to UHX 20
• Mandatory Appendices
– Appendix 1 to Appendix 33
• Non Mandatory Appendices
– Appendix A to Appendix GG

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 Edition

 Every 3 years New edition is released.

 Issued in July Month of that Year

 Becomes Mandatory from January Month of next Year

 Current Edition is Ed. 2023 Edition, July 1, 2023. Published Date: July 1, 2023

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 Addenda :

 Every year addenda is issued by ASME which amends certain portions of the current
edition of the Code.

 Issued in July Month of that Year

 Becomes Mandatory from January Month of next Year

 Current addenda is add. 2024

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 Interpretations:

 Any clarification to the code rules is answered by ASME committee

 Questions to be framed such that answer is in Yes

/No fashion

 Can be referred for better understanding of code rules

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 Code Cases:

 Special areas where customer /user /manufacturer seeks specific clarifications which are
not currently written in the code or clearly rules are laid.

 Generally Descriptive

 To be mentioned in drawings / documents when used.

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Structure of ASME Sec VIII Div.1 Code :

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Definitions :
• Operating or Working Temperature:
 It is a mean metal temperature (through the thickness) expected under operating condition.

• Maximum Design Metal Temperature

 Maximum temperature used in design shall not be less than the mean metal temperature (through the thickness)
expected under operating conditions.
 Design temperatures in excess of maximum temperatures listed in ASME section-II D tables for given material is not
permitted.

• Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT)

 Minimum metal temperature used in design shall be the lowest expected in service.
 MDMT shall be determined considering:
 Lowest operating temperature, operational upsets, refrigeration, atmospheric temperature, any other source of
cooling.

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• Operating or Working Pressure:

 The pressure at the top of a vessel at which it normally operates. It shall not exceed
MAWP, and it is usually kept at a suitable level below the setting pressure of the
pressure relieving devices to prevent their frequent opening.

• Design Pressure

 The pressure used in the design of a vessel component together with the coincident
design metal temperature. When applicable, static head shall be added to the
design pressure to determine the thickness of any specific zone of the vessel.
Vessels shall be designed for most sever condition of coincident pressure and
temperature expected in normal operation. Maximum difference in pressure
between inside and outside of the vessel or between any two chambers shall be
considered.

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Maximum Allowable Working Pressure:

The maximum guage pressure permissible at the top of a completed

vessel in it’s normal operating position at the designated coincident
temperature for that pressure.

– This pressure is the least of the values (including static head thereon) for the
internal or external pressure for any of the pressure boundary parts.

– It is determined by using nominal thicknesses exclusive of allowances for

corrosion and considering the effects of any combination of loadings at the
designated coincident temperature.

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 Maximum Allowable Stress Value:
The maximum unit stress permissible for any specified material that may be used in the design formulas.

Required Thickness
That computed by the formulas before corrosion allowance is added.

Design Thickness
The sum of the required thickness and the corrosion allowance.

Nominal Thickness
The nominal thickness is the thickness commercially available and supplied to the Manufacturer, either shown
on test report or measured.

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• Efficiency of a Welded Joint
The efficiency of a welded joint is expressed as a numerical (decimal)
quantity and is used in the design of a joint as a multiplier of the
appropriate allowable stress value.

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UG-23: Maximum Allowable Stress
Values
• For Internal Pressure -
Section II D gives maximum allowable tensile stress (S) for different materials

• For External Pressure –

Maximum allowable longitudinal compressive stress is smaller of
1) maximum allowable tensile stress (S)
2) value of factor B

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UG-23: Maximum Allowable Stress Values :

• For Combined Loading -

– Maximum general primary membrane stress (Pm) shall not exceed maximum
allowable tensile stress (S)

– Maximum primary membrane stress (Pm) plus primary bending stress (Pb) across
thickness shall not exceed 1½ times maximum allowable tensile stress (S)

– For combination of earthquake or wind loading with other loadings general primary
membrane stress (Pm) shall not exceed 1.2 times maximum allowable stress

–For localized discontinuities, primary plus secondary stresses shall not exceed 3
times max. allowable tensile stress (or 2 times yield strength provided S is not in time-
dependent range and Sy / TS < 0.7 at room temperature.)

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 UG-16: Design General
• Minimum Thickness of Pressure Retaining Components:
– Minimum thickness for shell and heads after forming shall 1.5 mm exclusive of any corrosion
allowances.

• Mill Under Tolerance:

– Plate material shall be ordered no thinner than the design thickness.
– Plates with an under tolerance of not less than smaller of 0.25 mm or 6% of ordered thickness
may be used at full design pressure for the ordered thickness.
– If material specification allows the greater under tolerance than permitted above, the ordered
thickness of the plate shall be shall be sufficiently greater so that furnished material
thickness is not less than design thickness by an amount smaller of 0.25 mm or 6% T.

• Pipe Under Tolerance:

– After the minimum wall thickness for pipe is determined, it shall be increased by an amount
sufficient to provide the manufacturing under tolerance allowed in pipe specification.

• Corrosion Allowance:
– Dimensional symbols used in all design formulas represents dimension in corroded condition.

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UG-22: Loadings

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Internal Pressure Design

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Thickness of Shells under Internal Pressure
(UG-27)

• All dimensions in code are in corroded condition

• Provision for any loading

Symbols :
t = min. required thickness P = internal design
pressure R = inside radius of shell
S = max allowable stress value (Sec II D)
E = joint efficiency (UW-12)

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Cylindrical Shells (UG-27):

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Longitudinal Joint subjected to Circumferential Joint subjected
circumferential stress – usually to longitudinal stress – usually
the MORE critical the LESS critical

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UW-3 - Weld Joint Categories

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Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiencies for Arc and
Gas welded joints:

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Conical Shell Sections ( α < 300)(UG-32)
α = one half of the included (apex) angle of the cone
D = inside diameter at point under consideration.
Do = Outside diameter at point under consideration (Appendix 1-4)
1. Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints)

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Conical Shell Sections ( α < 300) :

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Summary of Formulas:

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Reference codes and Standards (Table U-3):

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Reference codes and Standards (Table U-3)

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THANK YOU

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