SQL – Structured Query Language
• SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) standard computer language for
accessing and manipulating database systems.
• SQL statements are used to retrieve and update
data in a database.
• SQL works with database programs like MS
Access, DB2, Informix, MS SQL Server, Oracle,
Sybase, etc.
Oracle offers the following basic data types:
• char(n): Fixed-length character data (string), n characters long.
The maximum size for n is 255 bytes . Note that a string of type
char is always padded on right with blanks to full length of n. (+ can
be memory consuming).
Example: char(40)
• varchar2(n): Variable-length character string. The maximum size
for n is 2000 . Only the bytes used for a string require storage.
Example: varchar2(80)
• number(o, d): Numeric data type for integers and reals. o =
overall number of digits, d = number of digits to the right of the
decimal point.
Examples: number(8), number(5,2)
Note that, e.g., number(5,2) cannot contain anything larger than
999.99 without resulting in an error. Data types derived from
number are int[eger], dec[imal], smallint
and real.
• date: Date data type for storing date and time.
The default format for a date is: DD-MMM-YY. Examples: ’13-OCT-
94’, ’07-JAN-98’
• long: Character data up to a length of 2GB. Only one long column
is allowed per table
SQL Data Definition Language
(DDL)
The Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL permits
database tables to be created or deleted. We can also define
indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose
constraints between database tables.
The most important DDL statements in SQL are:
•CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table
•ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table
•DROP TABLE - deletes a database table
•CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
•DROP INDEX - deletes an index
SQL Data Manipulation Language
(DML)
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a syntax for executing
queries. But the SQL language also includes a syntax to
update, insert, and delete records.
These query and update commands together form the Data
Manipulation Language (DML) part of SQL:
•SELECT - extracts data from a database table
•UPDATE - updates data in a database table
•DELETE - deletes data from a database table
•INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table
SQL Statements
SELECT Data retrieval
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
MERGE Data Manipulation language
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
TRUNCATE Data Definition language (DDL)
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT Transaction control
GRANT
REVOKE Data Control language (DCL)
SQL The SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a table. The
tabular result is stored in a result table (called the result-set).
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
To select the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName", use a
SELECT statement like this:
SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Persons
Persons
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
LastName FirstName
Hansen Ola
Svendson Tove
Pettersen Kari
Select All Columns
To select all columns from the "Persons" table, use a * symbol
instead of column names, like this:
SELECT * FROM Persons
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
Create tables
To create a table:-
Create table <tablename> ( columname datatype,
columname datatype,….) ;
Eg.
Create table student ( sname varchar2(20) , rollno
number(10), subject varchar2(20) , dob date ) ;
To insert values
Insert into tablename values ( val1, val2, val3,…..);
Eg.
Insert into student values (‘sunita’, 56, ‘english’, ‘11-
05-09’);
To insert multiple rows
Insert into tablename values ( &val1, &val2, &val3,
…..);
Type / at the prompt to enter more records.
Insert Data in Specified Columns
Insert into tablename ( columname, columname)
values (val1, val2);
Eg.
Insert into student (sname ,roll ) values (‘mohan’ ,
78);
Where clause
When a where clause is added to the SQL sentence,
Only those records are displayed that satisfy the
specified condition.
Select * from tablename where condition ;
Eg.
Select * from student where marks>50 ;
Select sname, rollno from student where subject = “
english” ;
Inserting Rows with Null Values
• Implicit method: Omit the column from the
column list.
INSERT INTO students (rollno, sname) VALUES (30, ’dfg‘ );
1 row created.
• Explicit method: Specify the NULL keyword in the VALUES
clause.
INSERT INTO students VALUES (30, ‘dfg', NULL, NULL);
1 row created.
The UPDATE Statement
• Modify existing rows with the UPDATE statement.
UPDATE tablename SET column = value [, column =
value, ...] [WHERE condition];
• UPDATE student SET rollno = 70 WHERE sname = ‘dfg’ ;
1 row updated.
• UPDATE student SET rollno = 70 WHERE rollno = 10 ;
All rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE
clause.
• UPDATE student SET rollno = 110 ;
22 rows updated.
• UPDATE student SET marks = marks + 50 ;
22 rows updated.
The DELETE Statement
You can remove existing rows from a table by using
the DELETE statement.
DELETE tablename ;
• DELETE student;
22 rows deleted
To delete only selected rows from the table:-
DELETE tablename where condition ;
• DELETE student where sname = ‘sdfs’;
1 row deleted.
• DELETE student where city = ‘ bangalore’ ;
3 rows deleted.
• DELETE students WHERE city IN (‘bangalore’, ‘delhi’ );
4 rows deleted.
Dropping a Table
All data and structure in the table is deleted.
DROP TABLE tablename;
• DROP TABLE student;
Table dropped.
Rename the table
RENAME tablename TO newtablename;
• rename student to std;
table renamed.
The ALTER TABLE Statement
Use the ALTER TABLE statement to add, modify, or drop
columns of the table.
To add a column :-
ALTER TABLE tablename ADD ( col1 datatype ) ;
• ALTER TABLE student ADD ( grade varchar2(3));
table altered.
To modify the column: - ( data type / size / default value)
ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY (column datatype ) ;
• ALTER TABLE student MODIFY ( sname
VARCHAR2(30));
Table altered.
To drop the column :-
ALTER TABLE tablename DROP COLUMN (column);
• ALTER TABLE student DROP COLUMN grade ;
Table altered.
