Outline
Unit Seven Quiz Solutions and
Unit Eight Goals • Solution to quiz seven
• Review previous topics
Mechanical Engineering 370 - Properties
Thermodynamics - First law
- Introduction to second law and cycles
Larry Caretto • Goals for unit eight
March 25, 2003 • Use of entropy to find maximum work in an
adiabatic process
• Other calculations with entropy
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Review of Properties Always Use the First Law
• Get property data, depending on state • Closed system
• Look at compressed liquid, mixed • Steady open system
region and gas (superheat) region • Unsteady open system
• Simple if T and P are given
• Q = E + W + Outlet flow -Inlet flow
• If T or P and one other property (v, h, s,
u) are given find region • Flow terms are m(h + V2f2 + gz)
-compare given (v, h, s, u) to properties of • Also as rate equation (applied to steady
saturated liquid and vapor systems in this course)
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The Second Law Approach to Second Law
• There exists an extensive thermo- • Started with mathematical statement on
dynamic property called the entropy, S, previous chart
defined as follows: • Proved that heat flows from higher to
lower temperature
dS = (dU + PdV)fT
• Proved that reversible (Carnot) cycle is
• For any process dS D dQfT most efficient
• For an isolated system dS D 0 -Highest engine efficiency
• T must be absolute temperature -Highest coefficient of performance for
refrigeration cycles
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Entropy is a Property Entropy is a Property
· Entropy is a Property · Entropy is a Property · If we know the state of the system, we can
find the entropy
· Entropy is a Property · Entropy is a Property
· We can use the entropy as one of the
· Entropy is a Property · Entropy is a Property properties to define the state
· Entropy is a Property · Entropy is a Property · Use the following if we are given a value of
· Entropy is a Property · Entropy is a Property s and a value of T or P
- if s < sf(T or P) => compressed liquid
· Entropy is a Property · Entropy is a Property - if s > s g(T or P) => gas (superheat) region
· Entropy is a Property · Entropy is a Property - otherwise in mixed region
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Cycles with |QH| = |QL | + |W| Cycle Parameters
High Temperature High Temperature
h W
· Engine cycle Heat Source Heat · Engine cycle efficiency
QH
converts heat Sink
sourcesourc Source
· Refrigeration cycle COP QL
|Q H | |Q H| p
to work W
(coefficient of performance)
· Refrigeration |W| |W|
cycle · General definitions, valid for any cycle
transfers · Engine efficiency always less than one
heat from lowLow Temperature|QL | |Q L|
Low Temperature
to high · COP can be greater than one
temperature Heat Sink atur Heat Source
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Engine Cycle Refrigeration Cycle 9
Reversible Process Unit Eight Goals
· In a reversible process it is possible to · As a result of studying this unit you
return a system to its initial state with no should be able to
changes in the surroundings -feel more comfortable with the notion of
· This is an idealization; we cannot do better entropy as property
than a reversible process -find entropies in property tables
· This is the = part of theD sign in
-use entropy and one other property to
dS D dQfT and dSisolated system D 0
define a state that you find in a table
· For a reversible process dS = dQfT and
dSisolated system = 0
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More Unit Eight Goals Still More Unit Eight Goals
-understand the meaning of equations for a -recognize that finding the maximum work
reversible process for an adiabatic process is the same as
-recognize that the maximum work is done finding the work in a constant entropy
in a reversible process (isentropic) process
-compute S = dQfT for a reversible -be able to solve the following class of
process since dS = dQfT for reversible problems
processes
· Given: Initial Conditions, and one final property
- compute s surr = QsurrfTsurr= -Qsyst fTsurr
· Find: Maximum work for adiabatic process
-prove that a process in an isolated system
· Solution: Compute isentropic process
satisfies the second law because S 0
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Maximum Work Maximum Adiabatic Work
· dS dQfT; if reversible dS = dQfT · From given inlet conditions, find the
initial state properties including sinitial
· Compare two processes with between
same states (dU = dUrev) · The maximum work in an adiabatic
process occurs when s final = s initial
· dS = dQrevfT = [dUrev + dWrev]fT dQfT
· [dUrev + dWrev]fT [dU + dW]fT · From s final = s initial and one other property
of final state get all final state properties
· dWrev dW
· Find work from first law
· Maximum work in a reversible process · Last week’s exercise is an example
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Checking the Second Law Computing Sisolated system
· Sfluid = m c pdTfT = mc pln(T2fT1)
· Ten kilograms of a fluid having a heat
capacity, cp = 3 kJfkg K is cooled from 500 · Sfluid = (10 kg)(3 kJf kg K)ln(300f500)
to 300 K at constnat pressure with heat · Ssurr = QsurrfTsurr = -QfluidfTsurr
rejected to the surroundings at 310 K · Qfluid = m c pdT = mc p(T2 - T1)
· Is this process possible? · Qfluid = (10 kg)(3 kJfkg K)(300 - 500)K
· Answer is found by seeing if S of isolated · Ssurr = -(-6000 kJ)f(310 K) = 19.35 kJfK
system consisting of fluid plus
· S isol syst = S fluid + Ssurr = (-15.32
surroundings is greater than zero +19.35) kJfK = 4.03 kJfK
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