Duhok Polytechnic University
Duhok Technical College of Engineering
Dept: Petrochemical Engineering
Introduction of Material Science Lab.
Year
By
Dr. Farhad & Mr. Mohammed
Email: [email protected]
MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
• Material -> something tangible that goes
into the makeup of a physical object.
• Material Science -> involves investigating
the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials
MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
• Structure -> The structure of a material usually
relates to the arrangement of its internal
components.
• Different levels of defining structure of a material.
• Property -> A property is a material trait
(distinguishing feature) in terms of the kind and
magnitude of response to a specific imposed
stimulus.
• Six categories of properties -> mechanical,
electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and
deteriorative.
Material Science & Engineering
• In addition to structure and properties, two
other important components are involved in
the science and engineering of materials—
namely, “processing” and “performance.”
• Processing -> preparing or putting through a
prescribed procedure, e.g. the processing of
ore to obtain material
• Performance -> the accomplishment relative
to stated goals or objectives
Relationship Among the Four Components
• The structure of a material will depend on
how it is processed.
• Furthermore, a material’s performance will
be a function of its properties.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
• Three basic classifications of solid
materials: metals, ceramics, and organic
polymers (or just polymers).
• In addition, there are the composites,
combinations of two or more of the
above three basic material classes
1. METALS
Cast Iron
Steel
Mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon
steel
Specialty steel
Stainless (tin plated or galvanized)
Alloys (two or more pure metals)
Steel= iron & carbon
Brass= copper & zinc
Bronze= copper & tin
Metallic Objects
2. CERAMICS
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently
oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
• Traditional ceramics -> clay minerals (i.e.,
porcelain), as well as cement, and glass.
• Common (nontraditional) ceramics -> alumina,
silica, silicon carbide, silicon nitride.
• Relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths
are comparable to those of the metals.
• Very hard
• Thus, very brittle
Ceramic Objects
Traditional Ceramic Products
Tempered glass table
Heat resistant glass
3. POLYMERS
• A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule)
composed of repeating structural units typically
connected by covalent chemical bonds.
• Common polymers -> polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly vinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicon rubber.
Polymer Objects
POLYMERS CERAMICS METALS
Very low density Low density High density
Low melting point High melting point Medium to high
melting point
Low elastic Very high elastic Medium to high
modulus modulus elastic modulus
Very reactive Unreactive Reactive
Ductile and brittle Brittle Ductile
types
COMPOSITES
• Composites are engineered materials made
from two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct
on a macroscopic level within the finished
structure.
Materials Testing
Materials testing is a respected and established
technique which is used to ascertain both the
physical and mechanical properties of raw
materials and components. It can be used to
examine almost anything from human hair to
steel, ceramics or composite materials.
Common Tests Coefficient of Friction
Deformation Elastic Limit
Strength Flexure / Bend
Rupture Strength Strength
Shear Strength Break Load
Adhesion Strength Tensile Strength
Bond Strength Young’s Modulus
Delamination Ductility
Strength Toughness
Tear Resistance Puncture Strength
Creep and Stress Compression
Relaxation Elongation
Crush Resistance Peel Strength
Applications of Material Testing Machines
Materials testing machines are ideal for use in
production, quality control, education, research
or laboratory settings. Due to the extensive
testing capabilities mentioned above, these
devices can be used in a diverse range of
applications within markets such as:
Electronics Plastics
Automotive Textiles
Paper and Board Rubber
Medical Packaging
Building Materials Pharmaceuticals
Metals Wood
