Growth and Development
Prepared by:
Mohini Bariya
INTRODUCTION
The growth and development of the
human organism is a continuous process
that begins before birth, each stage
depends upon the preceding stages. The
term developmental sequence means that
these changes are specific, progressive
and orderly and lead eventually to
maturity.
Growth
It is the process of physical
maturation resulting on increase in size of
the body and various organs.
Development
It is the process of functional
and physiological maturation of the
individual.
It is progressive increase in
skill and capacity to function.
Stages of Growth and Development
• Neonate
Birth to 1 month Middle Childhood
• Infancy ◦ School age
1 month to 1year ◦ 6 to 12 years
• Early Childhood Late Childhood
◦ Toddler ◦ Adolescent
1-3 years ◦ 13 years to
◦ Preschool approximately 18
3-6 years years
Adulthood:20-60 years
Old age: over the age of
65
Principles of Growth and
Development
Growth is an orderly process, occurring in
systematic fashion.
Rates and patterns of growth are specific
to certain parts of the body.
Wide individual differences exist in
growth rates.
Growth and development are influences
by a multiple factors.
Development proceeds from the simple to
the complex and from the general to the
specific.
Development occurs in a cephalocaudal
and a proximodistal progression.
There are critical periods for growth and
development.
Rates in development vary.
Development continues throughout the
individual's life span.
Growth pattern
FACTORS AFFECTING
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS
HEREDITY ENVIRONMENT OTHERS
1.Genetic factor prenatal postnatal 1. socio
2. Race 1. maternal 1. nutrition economic
3. Sex metabolic 2. infection 2. Culture
4. Genetic disorder disorder & 3. Emotional
2. Obstetric infestation
disorder 3. chemical
3. nutritional 4. trauma
deficiency
4. Infectious disease
5. Drug administration
6. maternal hormones
ASPECT OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
ASEESSMENT OF GROWTH:
Nutritional anthropometry
Assessment of tissue growth
Bone age
Dental age
Biochemical and histological means
Weight: normal
newborn weight is 2.5
to 3.5 kg.
Newborn looses weight
of 10% of birth weight
till early 7 days and
regain by 10th days.
Birth weight is doubles
by 4 month and triples
by a year and 4 times
by 2 years.
Height:
At birth: 50 cm
6 month: 62 cm
1 year: 75 cm
2 year: 85 cm
2-5 years: 6-8 cm increase per year
5 year: 5cm/year
Head circumference
Newborn:33 cm-35 cm
Till 3 months- 2 cm/month
3 months to 1 year-2cm/3 month
1-3 years- 1cm/6 month
Chest circumference
Measured at the level of nipple
2.5 cm lesser then HC.
Equal to HC by 1 year
Lesser then HC by 1.5 year
Mid arm circumference
Applicable for 1-4 years being >13.5 cm
is normal
At mid point of acromion process and
olecranon.
Arm spam:
Distance between tips of the middle
finger with both arm held wide open.
Dental growth:
Two types of teeth:
Primary or deciduous
Secondary or permanent teeth
development
Many theories have been devised to study
development of different aspects in
children:
1. Intellectual development
2. Moral development
3. Psychosocial development
4. Spiritual development
5. Sexual development
6. Emotional development
Growth and development
of infant
1- 3 months
Physical growth:
Posterior frontanel closes at 6-8 weeks
Tears start appearing
Drooling begins at 2 month
Prefer nose breather
Flexion posture is reduced
Grasping, Moro reflex is disappear at 3
months.
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Able to lift head to 90˙ when in pron position at 3
months
Able to hold head erect but head still forward
Rolls over from back to side.
Fine motor:
Can grasp toys but lack firm hold
Hands open and closely loosely
Carries objects and hand to mouth at will
sensory development:
- Turns head and looks in same direction to
locate sound
- Blinks at objects that threaten the eyes.
- Beginning of ability to coordinate various
sensory stimuli.
language development:
cries less
Show pleasure in making sound
Special development:
May laugh loud
Looks in direction of speaker
4- 6 months
Physicalgrowth:
Weight gain is about 300-400gms/month
during next 6 months
Length increase at the rate of 1.25 cm/month
HC increase at the rate of 0.5 -1cm/ month
PR- 120±20/mins.
RR- 40/mins.
BP- 90/60 mmhg
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Sits leaning forward on both hands
Moves from place to place by rolling
Back is strait when sitting in high chair
Fine motor:
Can grasp at will
Drops one objects from one hand to another
Beginning of transfer object from one hand
to another
Sensory development:
Localizes sound made above ear level
Enjoys more complex visual stimuli
Moves in order to see an object.
language Development:
Babbling
Vocalizes monosyllable like ma,da,ba
Recognizes familiar words
Talks to own image in mirror
Social
development:
Recognizes parents
Extends arm to be picked
7- 9 months
Physical development:
Begins to show pattern in bladder and
bowel elimination
Eruption of upper central and upper
lateral incisors.
motor development:
Gross motor:
Sits down
Drinks from cup or glass with help
Crawls and creeps
Holds own bottle
Fine motor :
Rings bell
Holds bottles and places nipple in mouth when
wants it.
Sensory development:
Held turns directly to source of sound
Recognizes by looking or moving
towards familiar objects when named
Language development:
Stops activity in response to “NO”
Social development:
Dislikes face wash
Cries when scolded
Wants to please caregiver
10-12 months
Physical development:
Weight becomes triple
of birth weight
Height is increased
about 50% of birth
Head circumference is
about 46 cm, increased
by 1/3rd since birth
Chest circumference becomes equal to
head circumference
Pulse rate is 115 ± 20 per minute
Blood pressure is 96/66 ± 30/24 mm Hg
Babinski reflex disappears
Has 6-8 deciduous teeth
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Stands alone for variable
length of time
Walks few steps with help or
alone
Can sit down from standing
position without help
Improved competence in
motor skills through practice
Finemotor development:
Good pincer grasp
Picks up small bits of food
and transfer to mouth
Enjoys eating with fingers
Can drink himself with cup
Tries to feed himself/herself
with spoon but spills contents
Releases one or more objects
inside another object or
container
Sensory development:
Full binocular vision well established
Follows fast moving objects with eyes
Social development:
Responds to request for affection such as
kissing
Attachment development to primary
caregiver
Cooperates in dressing
Language development:
Has one word or a few in vocabulary
Comprehends ‘give’ and stops when told
‘no’
Has receptive vocabulary of several words
Says 3-5 words besides dada, mama
Recognizes object by name
Imitates animal sounds
Vocalization decreases as walking increase
Needs of Infants
The main needs of infants are physical
and physiological.
Infants need breast milk, essential
newborn care, proper and timely weaning
immunization, warmth, safety and tender
loving care.
Parents should be guided on following
aspects:
Provide safe and thermo neutral
environment to the baby.
Provide nutrition inform of breast milk to
the baby, on demand.
Maintain hygiene of baby.
Provide timely immunization.
Stimulation to play.
Provide love and nature.
Growth and development
of toddler
1-2 years
Physical development:
Has 16 temporary teeth
Weight gain is 1.8-2.7 kg
Average weight is 12 kg
Height increase about 10-12.5 cm of birth
length
Pulse rate is 110 ± 20/minute
Respiration is 26 to 28/minute
Blood pressure is 100/65 ±25/20 mm Hg
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Steady gait
Walks on heel-toe
Walks up and down stairs holding wall
Fine motor:
Picks up objects from floor
Can build tower of 6-7 cubes
Imitates vertical line
Turns pages, one at a time
Drinks with glass
Pulls garments, e.g. socks
Can brush teeth with help
Language development:
Enjoys story
Knows at least 4 body parts
Has vocabulary of 300 words
Refers to self by name
Social
development:
Enjoys parallel play
Enjoys play with doll
Will do simple household tasks
2-3 years
Physical development:
Average weight is 13 kg
Average length is 92 cm
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Can stand on one foot
Jumps well
Fine motor:
Can make tower of 6-8 cubes
Can feed self
Can throw large ball overhead
Can button and unbutton clothes
Place simple shapes in correct holes
Language development
Knows at least 5 body parts
Can speak sentence of 4-5 words
Uses plural
Ask ‘why’
Social development
Knows own sex
Parallel play continues
Shows temper tantrums
Needs of toddlers
Around this age, the child will be testing his
boundaries and beginning to understand the
cause and effect of doing so.
They are able to follow simple commands.
They have specific likes and dislikes.
In this age children need parental love,
acceptance, proper nutrition, play stimulation,
toilet training, immunization and safety.
Parents should be guided on following
aspects:
Be consistent and make a routine for the
child
Give lots of praise and cuddles to the child
Encourage independence in eating and
dressing
Provide balanced diet
Provide safe environment to avoid
accidents
Regular health check-up for detection of
health problems
Answer queries of the child
Praise good behavior
Keep in mind the food preferences of the
child
Provision of play and play material
Health check-up at regular interval
Growth and development
of preschoolar
3-4 years
physical development:
Weight is about 16 kg
Growth is slow
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Skips on foot
Catches bound ball
Dresses without supervision
Fine motor:
Cuts picture with scissors
Copies a square
Cognitive development:
Highly imagine active
Obeys commands because of parents
fear.
language development:
Uses sentences of 4-6 words
Tells story
Questionaning is at peak.
Knows nursery rhymes and simple song
Psychosocial development:
Very independent
Tends to be selfish and impatient.
Is aggressive.
Tells family talks to others without any
restraints.
Sibling rivalry present
5-6 years
Physical development:
Average weight is 20 kg
Begins to lose deciduous teeth, first
permanent teeth erupt
Brain is 90% of adult size
Motor development:
Gross motor:
Rides bicycle
Jumps, runs, climbs and hops well
Fine motor:
Improved hand and eye coordination
Draws a man with 6 parts
Can brush teeth.
Comb hair
Dresses self
Intellectualdevelopment:
Respond to praise and recognition
Has a sense of humor
Follows commands
Language development:
Counts number
Uses all forms of sentences
Enjoy telling jokes
Recognizes shape
Psychosocial development:
Bossy
Insist being first in everything
Jealous of sibling
Love active and group play
Needs of preschoolar:
Preschoolers have emotional-social needs
and physiologic-biologic needs. These
needs are influenced by accomplishments
during infancy and the toddler period.
Emotional-social needs:
Love and Security: The love and
security provided by the family continue
to be essential to preschoolers.
Separation: Five-year-olds should be
prepared to enter the world of their peers
as well as be developing a sense of self as
an individual.
Guidance: Adults should respect the
individuality of children and through
guidance help them expand their skills,
develop their potential, and master self
control.
physiologic-biologic needs:
By the end of the preschool
period, children are adequately
independent in toileting skills. Accidents
may still happen during periods of stress
or illness or if children are involved in
play activities.
Enuresis: Enuresis, an involuntary
discharge of urine, or wetting after control
should be established, is both a source of
embarrassment and a nuisance to the
parent of an enuretic child. Parents should
remember that children can be toilet
trained only when they are
physiologically and psychologically ready
for control of urine and stool.
Ecopresis: If there is no physiologic
cause and the child continues to have
uncontrolled stool passages beyond the
time bowel control is expected, about 3 or
4 years of age, the child may be said to
have Ecopresis.
HEALTH PROMOTION ACTIVITY:
Nutrition:
Preschoolers need to eat only
one half as much as does the adult. The
daily caloric requirement ranges from
1300 to 1700 calories, including 30 grams
of protein.
Accident prevention:
During the preschool years the
child begins to explore outside the home
and into the neighbourhood. Playing with
peers and riding bicycles are usual
activities. Play activities often become
rougher, although the child knows the
rules of safety, they frequently are
forgotten at the height of play.
THANK
YOU
