Araceli Flores Surat, MAN
NCM 107 Instructor
1. Growth
a. Weight
b. Height
Rates of Growth :
infancy and adolescence : fast growth periods
toodler thru schoolage: slow growth periods
fetal and infancy : the head and neurologic tissues grow
faster than other tissues
toddler and preschool : the trunk grows more rapid than
other tissues
school age : the limbs grow most
adolescence : the trunk grows faster than other tissues
2. DEVELOPMENT
a. Aspects of Development
Cognitive development
Personal-social-adaptive development
Motor development
Emotional development
Gross motor
Spiritual development
Developmental Milestone
Developmental Task
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
P-Proximal to distal body parts (related to cephalocaudal)
R-Rates of growth and development stages differ among
children
I- In an orderly sequence
N-Neonatal reflexes must be lost before development can
proceed
C-continous process from conception until death
I-initiation of learning experiences
P-Proceeds from gross to refined skills
L-Learned skills and behavior by practice
E- establish cephalocaudal
S- system do not develop at the same time
FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1.Genetics
= certain gee characteristic willinfluence growth and development
2.Gender
=girls are born lighter and shorter than boys
= boys tend tokeep ht and wt untilprepuberty- girls surge ahead because they begin
puberty growth sourt 6 months to 1 year earlier tan boys
= by the end of puberty, boys again tend to be taller and heavier than girls.
3. Health
= a chid who inherits a genetilly trabsmitted disease may not grow as rapdily or develop
as fully as a health child depending on the type of illness and the therapy or care
available.
4. Intelligence
=children with high intelligence donot generally grow faster physically than other children
but they advance in faster in skills
=children with high intelligence fall behind in physical skills because they spend their time
with books or mentalgames rather than with games that develop motorskills
5. Temperaments – is reaction pattern of an individual or an individual’s chrcteristic manner
ofthinking or reacting to stimuli in the environment.
Reaction Patterns
a. Rhythmicity-regular rhythm in physiologic function
b. Approach- refers to a child’s response on initial contact with a new
stimulus
c. Adaptability- is the ability to change one’s reaction to stimuli over
time.
d. Intensity of reaction- they cry loudly, temper tantrums
e. Distractability-children who are easily distracted or who can easily shift their
attention toa ne situation are easy to care for.
f. Attention span (ability to remain interested) and persistence
g. Threshold of response ( intensity level of stimulation)
- Chidlren with low theshold need little stimulation than
those with high threshold need intense stimulation before they
become upset over a situation
h. Mood quality- a child who is always hapyand laughing has a positive
mood quality
CATEGORIES OF TEMPERAMENT
1. THE EASY CHILD
Rated as easy to care for
2. THe DIFFICULT CHILD (10%)
If they have irregular in habits
have a negative mood quality
withdraw rather than approach new situations.
3.SLOW-TO-WARM-UP CHILD (15%)
-fairly inactive
Respond only mildly and adapt slowly to new
situations
General negative mood
6. Environment
Socioeconomic level
Parent-child relationship – quality time spent and not the
amount of time
Ordinal position in the family( position ofthe child in the
family)
- the only or the oldest child in a family generally excels
in language development because converstions are mainly
with adults.
Youngest children may develop language more slowly
especially if older children talk “baby talk” with them.
Children learn by watching other children
Health
7. Nutrition
Poor maternal nutrition may limit the growthand
intelligence potential of a child from th momentof nirth
Children who lacks esssential nutrients show inadequate
physical growth
Children who eat too much CHO and become obese may
develop motor skills more slowly because physical
activity is more tiring to them
Obese children sometimes loners, difficulty relating to
peers
Poor nutrition leads to the development of chronic illness
BASIC DIVISION OF CHILDHOOD
Neonate – 1st 28 days of life
Infant – 1 mos to 1 yr
Toddler – 1 to 3 yrs
Preschooler – 3 to 5 yrs
School-age – 6 to 12 yrs
Adolescent – 13 to 20yrs
THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Freud – psychosexual
2. Erickson – psychosocial
3. Piaget- Cognitive
4. Kohlberg - Moral
5. Sullivan – Interpersonal
6. Fowlers- Spiritual
