MODULE 3
Measures of
Central Tendency
n
x from i 1 to i n
xi is read,
where
“the
i
summation of i
is the lower limit and n the upper limit.
i 1
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
5 3 10 7 8
1] x = 5 + 3 + 10 + 7 + 8 = 33,
2]
2
x
3
5 3 10 74 8 247
2 2 2 2 2
3] xi = 5 + 3 + 10 = 18
i 1
4] xi = 3 + 10 + 7 = 20
i2
Measures of Central Tendency
1] Mean: the mean of any collection of numbers is the balance point.
x
x for ungrouped data
n
2] Median: The value or item in an ordered data set, which is in the
middle. [No formula for ungrouped data]
3] Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a set of data.
Imagine a fulcrum.
Get a board, & 5 one-kilo weights of stone. Distribute them to the numbers .
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Put the fulcrum under number 21.
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
What happened to the board?
The board tilts to much to the left!
What will happen if we place the fulcrum under number 16?
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
This time the board tilts too much to the right, because
the weights on the right are heavier than those on the left.
Now, place the fulcrum under number 18.
Can you imagine what will happen?
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Notice that the board is now balanced!
This is so, because the fulcrum is placed under the
mean of the terms, which is 18.
From this, we can say that the mean of any collection
of numbers is the balance point.
1. The sum of the deviations of all measurements in a set
from the mean is 0.
2. It can be calculated for any set of numerical data, so it always exist.
3. A set of numerical data has one and only one mean.
4. It lends itself to higher statistical treatment.
5. It is the most reliable since it takes into account every item in
the set of data.
6. It is greatly affected by extreme or deviant values.
7. It is used only if the data are interval or ratio and when
normally distributed.
The following temperatures in degrees Celcius were recorded during
a 24-hour period starting at midnight.
A: 20.5 19.9 18.3 20.1 21.4 22.3 25.5 18.0 20.7 21.4 25.3 26.0
B: 30.9 31.1 33.6 35.7 34.9 29.2 28.7 25.5 24.6 22.1 20.0 23.8
The given data are the recorded temperature in 2 different
locations. Compute for each mean in 2-decimal places.
A(mean of location A) _____
B (mean of location B ) _____
Which location has a cooler temperature? Explain.
1. The score or class in a distribution, below which 50%
of the score fall and above which another 50% lie.
2. Not affected by extreme or deviant values.
3. Appropriate to use when there are extreme or
deviant values.
4. Use when the data are ordinal.
5. It exists in both quantitative or qualitative data.
Examples:
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Median
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Median 19 + 20 = 19.5
Take Note !! 2
Do not forget to arrange the data
before getting the median!
1. It is used when we want to find the value which
occurs most often.
2. It is a quick approximation of the average.
3. It is an inspection average.
4. It is the most unreliable among the three
measures of central tendency because its
value is undefined in some observations.
Examples
1. The following are the 2. The ages of 5 students are:
descriptive evaluation 17, 18, 23, 20, & 19 No Mode
of 5 teachers.
3. The grades of 5 students
Teacher Evaluation are: 4.0, 3.5, 4.0, 3.5, & 1.0
Mode: 4.0 & 3.5
A VS
B S 4. The weight of 5 persons
C VS in pounds are:
D VS 117, 218, 233, 120, & 117
E S
Mode: VS Mode: 117
Tomas is participating in a long jump competition.
Tomas’s results are shown in the table below.
Complete the following on the lines
below.
TRIAL # DISTANCE (feet)
• Find the mean and the median of
• 1 Mean = 10+11+2+8+13+10
10 the data.
= 54 = 9
2 11 6 6
• Which measure of central
3 2 tendency, mean or median, should
4
Median = 2, 8, 10, 10, 11,Tomas
8
13 = use 10 to best represent the
typical
• Tomas should use the median to distancethe
best represent hetypical
jumped? Use
distance
5 he jumped because
13 the data setmathematics to extreme
has an outlier or justify your
or deviant
6 value, 2. 10 answer.
2] Diana lists her scores in Algebra course for the first
semester. The scores are:
•The mode remains the same/unchanged (74).
74 72 61 59 91 80 77 74
A]•The
Theoneteacher
whichallows
is most her to delete
affected the two
is the Mean, lowest
from 73.5 it
scores from
increased to 78,her list.
an increased of 4.5. The median also
Which increased,
slightly one of the 3 measures
from 74 to 75.5,ofanCentral
increased just of
Tendency will remain unchanged?
1.5.
Which one is the most affected?
Justify/explain your answer.
Mean (before): = 73.5 Mean (after): = 78
Median (before): = 74 Median (after): = 75.5
Mode (before): = 74 Mode (after): = 74
Matt caught 6 fish and
recorded each of their
weights as shown in
Table 1: Copy the table!
Table1: Weights of Matt’s Fish
Find/answer 8 following:
the
Fish Weight (in pounds)
1] Mean _______3.5
1 2 2] Median _______ 2
2 3 3] Mode _______
3 2 4] Which measure of Central Tendency
4 4 should Matt use to best represent the typical
weight of the fish he caught. Explain or
5 32 justify your answer.
6 5
Justin plays on the basketball team. He scored 11, 18, 14
and 17 points in his four games. How many points did he
score in the fifth game if his average for five games is 16?
Level off:
According to the problem after
1st game: 11 + 5 = 16 5 games Justin’s average is 16.
Therefore, Justin has to score 20
2nd game: 18 - 2 = 16 points in the 5th game, to have an
average 18points
11 16
of 14 17
in 5 xgames.
3rd game: 14 + 2 = 16 Mean 16
5
4th game: 17 - 1 = 16 60 x
16; x 60 80
5
16 + 0 = 16
5th game: ____ x 80 60
Add: 4 + 16 = 20 x 20
x1 ( w1 ) x2 ( w2 ) ....xn ( wn )
xw
w1 w2 ....wn
Subject Grade Unit
Statistics 4.0 3
English 2.0 3
Accounting 1.0 5
P.E. 1.5 2
4.0(3) 2.0(3) 1.0(5) 1.5(2)
x GPA 2.0
335 2
Find the mean age of the 50 service
crews at McJolly
Ag Freque
e ncy
[Weight 18x7 = ___
] 19x8 = ___
18 7 20x6 = ___
19 8 21x11 = ___
20 6 22x 4 = ___
21 11 23x 5 = ___
22 4
24x 5 = ___
25x 4 = ___
23 5
24 5
x
x
25 4 n
N = 50
Likert-type Question
This is used if the researcher wants to know
the feelings or opinions of the
respondents
regarding any topic or issues of
Choices are:
interest.
5 - (SA) for strongly agree 2 - (D) disagree
4 - (A) for agree 1 - (SD) strongly
disagree
3Likert-Type
- (N) for neutral
Mean Interpretation
1.00-1.79 – Strongly Disagree –
1.80-2.59 - Disagree -
2.60-3.39 - Neutral -
3.40-4.19 - Agree -
4.20-5.00 – Strongly Agree -
[1-3] Confidence in Learning Statistics [4-6] Perception on Stat as a subject
1.00-1.79 – Strongly Disagree – Not Confident at all times 1.00-1.79 – Strongly Disagree – Not Important at all
1.80-2.59 - Disagree – Not Confident 1.80-2.59 - Disagree – Slightly Important
2.60-3.39 - Neutral – NEUTRAL 2.60-3.39 - Neutral – NEUTRAL
3.40-4.19 - Agree – Important
3.40-4.19 - Agree – Confident 4.20-5.00 – Strongly Agree – Very Important
4.20-5.00
5 – Strongly
3 Agree 1– Very confident`
4 2 x s x Interpretation of x
1 36 51 18 0
Findings: Mean =1 3.88 ; Agree-Confident;
4.14 0.76 Agree; Confident
2 18 44
Concl: The37students
8 1 3.65
are confident 0.88 Agree; Confident
they will learn Stat.
3 18 48 28 0 1 3.86 0.75 Agree ; Confident
T 72 143 83 8 3 G Mean=3.88 0.83 Agree ; Confident
Findings: Mean = 4.06 ; Agree-Important;
4.02 0.81 Agree; Important
4 33 49 26 1 1
Concl:
5
The
35 45
students
31 0 1
perceived
4.01
that Stat.
0.82
is an important subject.
5 35 45 31 0 1 Agree; Important
6 34 58 21 0 0 4.12 0.69 Agree; Important
T 102 152 78 1 2 4.05 0.78 Agree; Important
G Mean =_____
