FUNDAMENTALS OF
SYNCHRONIZATION SPEED
CONTROL & LOAD SHARING
Confidence Power Bogura Limited
&
Confidence Power Bogura Unit-2 Limited
WHAT IS SYNCHRONIZATION /
PARALLEL OPERATION?
In Electrical Engineering,
Synchronization or Paralleling is the process of matching two or more
alternating current electric power systems or sources before
exchanging AC power within them.
In another scene,
The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another
alternator or with common bus-bars is known as Synchronizing.
TYPES OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Grid Synchronization
One or more Generators have to be paralleled with the Grid or Mains
line.
There is no any control over base power whose parameters are to be
taken as reference.
This type of synchronization is challenging compared to non-grid
synchronization.
Example: Power Plant Synchronization with grid.
Non-Grid Synchronization
Two or more Generators are being paralleled in a common bus.
There is control over base power whose parameters are to be taken
as reference.
This type of synchronization is easier than Grid Synchronization.
Example: Generator Synchronization at factories, garments etc.
THERE ARE SEVERAL MAJOR ADVANTAGES
OF GENERATORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL
Several generators can supply a bigger load than one
machine by itself.
A failure of a single generator does not result in a total
power loss to the load increasing reliability of the power
system.
For preventive maintenance, one or more of the
Generators can be removed form the system without
interrupting the load.
More efficient then single generator operating alone.
CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION
1. The rms line voltages of the two generators must be
equal.
2. The two generators must have the same phase
sequence.
3. The Phase angles of both the generator terminal
voltages must be same. Which means the phase
difference between the two generator voltage must be
zero.
4. The frequency of the new generator, called oncoming
generator, must be slightly higher than the frequency
of the running system.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR PARALLELING
GENERATORS
Firstly
• Using Voltmeters & Ammeters, the Field
Current IF of the oncoming generator
should be adjusted until its terminal
voltage is equal to the line voltage of
the running system.
• Which is actually the Field Excitation.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR PARALLELING
GENERATORS
Secondly
• Phase sequence of the oncoming generator must
be compared to the phase sequence of the
running system.
The Phase sequence can be checked by-
Phase Sequence Meter
Three-Light-Bulb Method
If not then interchange the 2 phases of oncoming
generator to make the phase sequence same.
Waveform: Phase Sequence
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR PARALLELING
GENERATORS
Thirdly
• Frequency of the oncoming generator is adjusted to
be slightly higher than the frequency of the running
system.
So that when it is connected, it will come on the line
supplying power as a generator instead of consuming
power as a motor.
• This is done by watching a frequency meter until the
frequencies are close.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR PARALLELING
GENERATORS
Finally
• Once the frequencies are very nearly equal, the voltages in the two systems will change phase with respect to
each other very slowly.
The phase changes are observed, and when the phase angles are equal, the switch connecting the two systems
together is shut.
Frequency adjusted
Voltage adjusted
After Frequency &
Voltage being adjusted,
Phase difference
becomes zero.
METHODS OF
SYNCHRONIZING
1. Three Dark Lamp Method
2. Two Bright and One Dark Method
3. Synchroscope
(A) Three Dark Lamp Method
SYNCHRONOSC
OPE
A synchroscope is a meter that measures the
difference in phase angle between the a phases
of the two systems.
The rate of rotation of the pointer indicates the
amount of frequency difference between the
alternators.
The dial shows the phase difference between
the two a phases, with 0 (meaning in phase) at
the top & 180° at the bottom.
SYNCHRONOSC
OPE
The direction of the rotation indicates whether
the oncoming frequency is higher or lower
then the existing alternator.
If the oncoming generator or system is faster
than the running system (the desired
situation), then the phase angle advances and
the synchroscope needle rotates clockwise.
If the oncoming machine is slower, the needle
rotates counterclockwise.
SYNCHRONOSC
OPE
• When the synchroscope needle is in the vertical position, the
voltages are in phase, and the switch can be shut to connect the
systems.
• In large generators belonging to power systems, this whole process of
paralleling a new generator to the line is automated, and a computer does this
job.
SPEED CONTROL & LOAD
SHARING
Load Sharing is controlled by the following two things:
1. Speed Governor
• Control the Fuel Injector
Maintain Synchronous Speed as well as Frequency (Hz)
Maintain Active/Real Power (MW)
1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator)
• Control the Field Excitation
Maintain Terminal Voltage (KV)
Maintain Reactive Power (MVAR)
SPEED CONTROL & LOAD
SHARING
The frequency and terminal voltage of the generator are
controlled by the system to which it is connected.
The governor set points of the generator control the real
power supplied by the generator to the system.
The field current in the generator controls the reactive
power supplied by the generator to the system.
UNDERSTANDING OF SYNC.
CONTROL SYSTEM
