FLUID
CONVEYANCE
• A pipe is a tubular section or hollow
cylinder, usually but not necessarily
of circular cross-section, used
mainly to convey substances which
can flow — liquids and gases
(fluids), slurries, powders and
masses of small solids. ... Many
industrial and government
standards exist for the production of
pipe and tubing.
7 TYPES OF PIPES USED IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF BUILDINGS
• PIPES FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• Pipes which are commonly used in water supply system
are given below.
• Cast Iron (CI) Pipes
• Steel Pipes
• Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes
• Copper Pipes
• Plastic or Polythene or PVC pipes
• Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
• Concrete Pipes
• 1. CAST IRON PIPES
• These pipes are most commonly used in water distribution system
mainly because of the following reasons.
• They are cheaper in cost
• It has high resistance to corrosion
• It is highly durable
• C.I. pipes are manufactured by following 4 methods.
• Horizontally cast (MC ware pipes)
• Vertical cast (pit cast in sand moulds)
• Centrifugally cast in sand lines moulds spun type
• Centrifugally cast in water cooled metal moulds
• Now a days horizontally cast C.I. pipes are no longer used.
• Centrifugally cast pipes posses fine grained dense structure and uniform
thickness and therefore they are widely used.
• Special care has to be taken during transportation and making
connection of these pipes, to prevent damage.
• 2. STEEL PIPES
• Use of steel pipes in water supply system is suggested
when,
• pipes are subjected to very high pressure (i.e. above 7
kg/cm2)
• large diameter pipes are required
• Steel pipes are used because they are stronger and
lighter in weight as compared to C.I. pipes.
• These pipes, however, require adequate preventive
measure to sustain adverse atmospheric conditions.
• When steel pipes are encased in cement mortar or
cement concrete, they are called Hume Steel pipes.
• . GALVANIZED IRON (GI) PIPES
• Galvanized Iron Pipe. This type of pipe is used for
water supply work inside the building. These pipes
are wrought steel pipes provided with zinc coating.
• They are available in light, medium and heavy grades
depending on the thickness of the metal. For a 15
mm GI pipe, the thicknesses are 2.0, 2.65 & 3.25 for
the light, medium and heavy grades, respectively.
Generally the medium grade pipes are used for
internal plumbing in building.
• Mostly screw and socket joints are used for G.I.
pipes.
• 4. COPPER PIPES
• These pipes are used in hot water installation.
They have high tensile strength and can
therefore have thin walls and they can be bent
easily.
• Copper pipes are sometimes coated with
chromium to enhance its appearance.
• 5. PLASTIC OR POLYTHENE OR PVC PIPES
• These pipes are being used increasingly these days for supply of cold water in
external and internal plumbing work.
• They are light in weight, non-corrosive, lower in cost and do not require any
threading for connections.
• There are 3 common types of plastic pipes are available in market, as given below.
• Unplasticized PVC (UPVC) or rigid pipes for use with cold water
• Plasticized PVC pipes which are plasticized with addition of rubber. It has lower
strength and lower working temperature than UPVC pipes.
• Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) pipes which can withstand higher temperatures upto
1200 (used to carry hot water)
• For pipes used in soil and waste water discharge systems, the thickness of the wall
will be larger than that of used for roof drainage.
• Rigid PVC pipes are used for distribution of water with temperature below 45 0C.
• At higher temperature, the strength of the pipes decreases. Similarly ultraviolet
radiation from sunlight as well as frequent changes in temperature reduces the
life of PVC pipes.
• These pipes are costlier than AC pipes but cheaper than GI pipes.
• 6. ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPES
• These pipes are used for drainage of rainwater
from roofs, soil and waste and also for
ventilation. They come in two profiles – one with
beading around socket (WB) and the other
without beading around socket (WOB). The latter
type is more common than the former.
• The pipes come in lengths of 3 meters.
• The principal defects of these pipes are that they
are heavy and they break easily.
• These pipes are cheaper than PVC pipes.
• 7. CONCRETE PIPES
• Unreinforced pipes of small diameters as
well as reinforced and prestressed
concrete pipes of large diameters are
available for water supply and other uses.
• Small unreinforced concrete pipes are very
much used for drainage of rain water.
• Large diameter pipes are generally used
for major water supply works.
• A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow
under a road, railroad, trail, or similar
obstruction from one side to the other. Typically
embedded so as to be surrounded by soil,
a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced
concrete or other material.
• Surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from
a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. ...
Steel, that is used in constructing culverts, are
mainly Structural Steel Plate (SSP) and
Corrugated Steel Pipe (CSP). ... Corrugated Steel
Pipe or Corrugated Metal Pipes (CMP) are used
in ...
• Culvert is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway. A culvert
may act as a bridge for traffic to pass on it. They are typically found in
a natural flow of water and serves the purpose of a bridge or a current
flow controller.
• Culverts are available in many and shape like round, elliptical, flat-
bottomed, pear-shaped, and box-like constructions. Culverts are by
their load and water flow capacities, lifespan and installation of
bedding and backfill. The type is based on a number of factors
including hydraulic, upstream elevation, and roadway height and other
conditions.
• Following are the different types of Culvert:
• Pipe culvert (single or multiple)
• Pipe-Arch culvert (single or multiple)
• Box culvert (single or multiple)
• Arch culvert
• Bridge culvert
• Metal box culvert
• Advantages of Pipe Culvert
• The main features of pipe culverts are:
• It can be constructed of any desired strength by proper
mix design, thickness, and reinforcement.
• They are economical.
• These pipes can withhold any tensile stresses and
compressive stresses.
• The crossing of water is under the structure.
• Disadvantages of Pipe Culvert
• The main disadvantage of pipe culvert is that it can be
easily corroded at the crown because of bacteria‘s organic
matter and release of harmful gas, which is known as
Crown corrosion.
• Pipe-Arch Culvert (Single or Multiple)
• Arch culverts are suitable for large waterway opening where fishes can be
provided with a greater hydraulic advantage. Moreover, they provide low
clearance and are definitely, much artistic. Pipe arches are particularly
useful for sites where headroom is limited and also have a hydraulic
advantage at low flows.
• Advantages of Pipe-Arch Culvert
• The features of pipe arch culverts are:
• Pipe arch culvert.
• The features of pipe arch culverts are:
• Limited headroom condition
• Improved hydraulic capacity at a low flow
• Aesthetic shape and appearance
• Lightweight
• Easy to install
• Box Culvert
• Box culverts are made up of concrete and
especially, RCC (Reinforced Concrete). The
most challenging part in constructing a box
culvert is that dry surface is needed for
installing it. However, due to the strength of
the concrete floor, water direction can be
changed when a large amount of water is
expected. This feature makes box culverts,
one of the most commonly found types of
the culvert.
• Advantages of Box Culvert
• Box Culverts are economical for the reasons
mentioned below:
• The box culvert is a rigid frame structure and very
simple in construction
• It is Suitable for non-perennial streams where scrub
depth is not significant but the soil is weak.
• The bottom slab of the box culvert reduces pressure
on the soil.
• Box culverts are economical due to their rigidity and
monolithic action and separate foundations are not
required.
• It is used in special cases, weak foundation.
• Arch Culvert
• An arch culvert is made up of metal, stone
masonry, concrete, RCC etc. Construction does
not take a lot of time and unlike box culvert,
water diversion is not necessary, as it can be
installed without disturbing the water current.
Thus, it can be termed as a Low Profile Culvert.
This type of culvert maintains the natural
integrity of the wash bed.
• Advantages of Arch Culvert
• The advantages of using arch culverts over
traditional box culverts and pipe culverts are as
follows:
• Cost savings
• Accelerated construction schedule
• Greater hydraulic efficiency
• Pleasing aesthetics
• Design-build advantage
• Bridge Culvert
• Bridge culverts serve a dual purpose. It acts both
as a bridge and a culvert. Generally, rectangular
in shape, bridge culverts are constructed on
rivers and canals. A foundation is laid under the
ground level and pavement surface is laid on top
of the series of culverts. Generally, we can term it
as a Multi-Purpose culvert.
• Advantages of Bridge Culvert
• Following are the main features of bridge
culvert:
• Extension of the network by acting as a repeater
• Very strong
• Allows traffic to pass on it
• Highly strong foundation
• Most expensive river crossings
• Metal Box Culvert
• The metal box culvert is the economic
alternative of the bridge. These bridges are
manufactured from a standard structural plate
or deep-corrugated structural plate. They are
the perfect bridge replacement maintaining the
same road grade level.
• Advantages of Metal Box Culvert
• The advantages are as follows:
• Durability
• Shorter construction period and easy installation
• Deformation ability
• Long service life
TRENCH/DITCHES
• A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the
ground that is generally deeper than it is ... that is
generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a
wider gully, or ditch), and narrow compared with its
length (as opposed to a simple hole).
• trench. A trench is a deep and narrow hole, or ditch,
in the ground, like the kind soldiers on frontlines
might dig to give themselves shelter from the
enemy. ... The verb trench means to dig or to cut
into, but you will most often hear the word as a
noun, particularly relating to soldiers.
construction trench
ditch
• A ditch is a long trench or pit dug into the ground. If
your lawns are always soggy, build a
drainage ditch for the excess water to flow into.
• A ditch can be a man-made trench, usually long and
narrow, dug into the earth, or a natural ditch made
by flowing water. Originally used for farming, we
now use ditch for any pit in the ground. Ditch can
also be a verb meaning to toss something or forsake
it. You can ditch a plan that's going wrong, or a
boyfriend who is misbehaving. If you make an
emergency crash landing, you ditch your plane.
CURB INLET
• Curb Inlets are used to assist in stormwater
drainage of the street surface area.
• The Curb Inlet is usually a below ground box
structure with a vertical opening at the street
level.
• Gutter :
A gutter is a triangle open channel along the
curb stone of streets which carry the storm
water along streets
to inlets. Inlets : Inlets are structures
constructed in the street along the curb stone
or across the street to allow water to inter
from the gutter to the underground storm
collection system.
trench drain provides an
elongated surface for water
to drain from a specific area,
such as a driveway, beneath an
un-guttered roof edge, sidewalk
or similar area where water
tends to collect. It's essentially a
gutter that is set into the ground.
• How do you make a trench drain?
• Once trench is dug, add a 3" layer of gravel along bottom
(Image 2).
next. Digging a Drainage Ditch. Using a shovel dig a trench
that is six inches wide to make a drainage ditch. ...
next. Drainage Pipe in Fabric Lining. Lay the drainage pipe in
a fabric lining in the dug ditch. ...
next. Fill Trench with Sand.
• To make the water drain where you want it, the pipe
needs to lie at a slope in the correct direction depending on
where you're diverting it. The general rule of thumb is to
slope your French drain pipe 1 inch per 8 feet of length.
Keep this slope in mind as you dig your trench.
• Inlets in Sags
An inlet in a sag, or sump, has no longitudinal slope at the
face of the inlet and the adjacent gutters slope towards
the inlet leaving no place for the water to flow except into
the inlet. Thus inlets in sags capture 100% of the flow and
produce no bypass flow. Note that Drop Curb inlets are
always in a sag.
Inlets in sag locations operate as weirs under low head
conditions and as orifices at greater depths. Orifice flow
begins at depths dependent on the grate size or the curb
opening height. At depths between those at which weir
flow definitely prevails and those at which orifice flow
prevails, flow is in a transition stage. At these depths,
control is not well defined and may fluctuate between
weir and orifice control.
The efficiency of inlets in passing debris is critical
in sag locations because all runoff which enters
the sag must be passed through the inlet. Total
or partial clogging of inlets in these locations
can result in hazardous ponded conditions.
Grate inlets alone are not recommended for use
in sag locations because of the tendencies of
grates to become clogged. Combination inlets,
curb-opening and Drop Curb inlets are
recommended for use in these locations.
AQUEDUCT
• Aqueduct, (from Latin aqua + ducere, “to lead water”),
conduit built to convey water. In a restricted sense, aqueducts
are structures used to conduct a water stream across a hollow
or valley. In modern engineering, however, aqueduct refers to
a system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and supporting
structures used to convey water from its source to its main
distribution point. Such systems generally are used to supply
cities and agricultural lands with water. Aqueducts have been
important particularly for the development of areas with
limited direct access to fresh water sources. Historically,
aqueducts helped keep drinking water free of human waste
and other contamination and thus greatly improved
public health in cities with primitive sewerage systems.
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