TOPICS OF
DISCUSSION
• WHAT IS RTOS.
• COMPARISON BETWEEN RTOS AND GENERAL
OPERATING SYSTEMS.
• TYPES OF RTOS.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF RTOS.
• FUNCTIONS OF RTOS.
• APPLICATIONS OF RTOS.
• EXAMPLE OF SOME RTOS
• CONCLUSION.
What is Real Time ?
• “Real time in operating systems:
The ability of the operating system to provide a
required level of service in a bounded response time.“
- POSIX Standard 1003.1
WHAT IS RTOS
• It responds to inputs immediately(Real-Time).
• Here the task is completed within a specified time
delay.
• In real life situations like controlling traffic signal or a
nuclear reactor or an aircraft,
• The operating system has to respond quickly.
Soft RTOS…
• In a soft real-time system, it is considered undesirable,
but not catastrophic, if deadlines are occasionally missed.
• Also known as "best effort" systems
• Most modern operating systems can serve as the base for
a soft real time systems.
• Examples:
- multimedia transmission and reception,
- networking, telecom (cellular) networks,
- web sites and services
- computer games.
Hard
RTOS...
• A hard real-time system has time-critical deadlines
that must be met; otherwise a catastrophic system
failure can occur.
• Absolutely, positively, first time every time
• Requires formal verification/guarantees of being to
always meet its hard deadlines (except for fatal
errors).
Examples:-
- air traffic control
- vehicle subsystems control
- Nuclear power plant control
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RTOS
FUNCTION OF RTOS
• Task management
• Scheduling.
• Resource Allocation.
• Interrupt Handling.
Task Management
• In Real Time Applications the Process is called as
Task which takes execution time and occupies
memory.
• Task management is the process of managing tasks
through its life cycle.
Task States
Task/Process States
• Each task/Process can belong to one and only one state
• The Scheduler only operates on the processes in the
Ready state
• There is a single process in the Run/current state at .
any time.
• Transitions to and from the Ready queue are affected as
a part of the execution of the RTOS resource/object
services or as a result of timing events
Typical Task Operations
• creating and deleting tasks,
• controlling task scheduling, and
• obtaining task information
Scheduling in RTOS
• More information about the tasks are known
- No of tasks
- Resource Requirements
- Release Time
- Execution time
- Deadlines
• Being a more deterministic system better scheduling
algorithms can be devised.
Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS
• Clock Driven Scheduling
• Weighted Round Robin Scheduling
• Priority Scheduling
(Greedy / List / Event Driven)
Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS( contd )
• Clock Driven
- All parameters about jobs (release time/ execution
time/deadline) known in advance.
- Schedule can be computed offline or at some regular time
instances.
- Minimal runtime overhead.
- Not suitable for many applications.
Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS(contd)
• Weighted Round Robin
- Jobs scheduled in FIFO manner
- Time quantum given to jobs is proportional to its
weight
- Example use : High speed switching network
• QOS guarantee.
- Not suitable for precedence constrained jobs.
• Job A can run only after Job B. No point in giving
time quantum to Job B before Job A.
Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS( contd )
• Priority Scheduling
(Greedy/List/Event Driven)
- Processor never left idle when there are ready tasks
- Processor allocated to processes according to priorities
- Priorities
• Static - at design time
• Dynamic - at runtime
Resource Allocation in RTOS
• Resource Allocation
- The issues with scheduling applicable here.
- Resources can be allocated in
• Weighted Round Robin
• Priority Based
• Some resources are non preemptible .
- Example : semaphores
• Priority Inversion if priority scheduling is used
INTERRUPTS HANDLING OF
RTOS.
• An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or
from a program with in a computer that causes the main program
that is operating system to stop and figure out what to do next.
• Interrupts cause the processor to suspend the operations
whatever it is doing instead execute the code that will respond to
the event whatever caused the interrupt.
APPLICATION OF
RTOS.
• Almost all the modern telecommunication systems make
use of RTOS.
• Radar systems, network switching control systems,
satellite monitoring systems, satellite launch-control and
maneuvering mechanisms, global positioning systems all
have their roots in RTOS.
• Now a days RTOS are increasingly finding use in
strategic and military operations. These are used in
guided missile launching units, track-and-trace spy
satellites, etc.
CONCLUSION
RTOS have been the heroes in most of the
technological areas, right from fuel injection system
to nuclear reactor control, satellite control, global
positioning systems, and fully equipped high-tech
warfare aircrafts. And the best is yet to come!
