SWITCH GEAR AND
PROTECTION
Year & Semester: IV-B.Tech- I Sem L-T-P-C :-4-0-0-
3
Session - 1
Presented by
G . R . S . N a g a K u m a r, M . Te c h
EEE Department
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING JNTUK
NARASARAOPET
Syllabus
UNIT–I
Circuit Breakers
Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB)– Elementary principles of arc interruption– Restriking Voltage
and Recovery voltages– Restriking phenomenon - RRRV– Average and Max. RRRV– Current
chopping and Resistance switching– Introduction to oil circuit breakers– Description and
operation of Air Blast– Vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers– CB ratings and specifications– Concept
of Auto reclosing.
UNIT–II
Electromagnetic Protection
Relay connection – Balanced beam type attracted armature relay - induction disc and induction
cup relays–Torque equation - Relays classification–Instantaneous– DMT and IDMT types–
Applications of relays: Over current and under voltage relays– Directional relays– Differential
relays and percentage differential relays– Universal torque equation– Distance relays:
Impedance– Reactance– Mho and offset mho relays– Characteristics of distance relays and
comparison.
UNIT–III
Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults– Rotor faults and abnormal conditions– restricted
earth fault and inter turn fault protection– Numerical examples.
Transformer Protection
Protection of transformers: Percentage differential protection– Design of CT’s ratio– Buchholz
relay protection–Numerical examples.
Syllabus
UNIT–IV:
Feeder and Bus bar Protection
Protection of lines: Over current Protection schemes – PSM,TMS - Numerical examples -
Carrier current and three zone distance relay using impedance relays–Protection of bus
bars by using Differential protection. state response.
UNIT–V:
Static and Digital Relays
Static relays: Static relay components– Static over current relays– Static distance relay– Micro
processor based digital relays
UNIT–VI:
Protection against over voltage and grounding
Generation of over voltages in power systems– Protection against lightning over voltages–
Valve type and zinc oxide lighting arresters– Insulation coordination– BIL– impulse ratio–
Standard impulse test wave– volt-time characteristics– Grounded and ungrounded neutral
systems–Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance– Methods of neutral
grounding: Solid–resistance–Reactance–Arcing grounds and grounding Practices.
Text Books & Reference Books
Text Books
Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badari Ram and D.N
Viswakarma, TMH Publications
Power system protection- Static Relays with microprocessor
applications.by T.S.Madhava Rao, TMH
Reference Books
Fundamentals of Power System Protection by Paithankar and
S.R.Bhide.,PHI, 2003.
Art & Science of Protective Relaying – by C R Mason, Wiley Eastern
Ltd.
Protection and Switch Gear by Bhavesh Bhalja, R.P. Maheshwari,
Nilesh G.Chothani, Oxford University Press, 2013
Objectives
To provide the basic principles and operation of various types
of circuit breakers.
To study the classification, operation and application of
different types of electromagnetic protective relays.
To explain protective schemes, for generator and transformers.
To impart knowledge of various protective schemes used for
feeders and bus bars.
To explain the principle and operation of different types of
static relays.
To study different types of over voltages in a power system and
principles of different protective schemes for insulation co–
ordination.
Time Table
Evaluation Plan
Assignment Evaluation
Two Assignments /Unit
1 Assignment - Theory Oriented (4*5 =20M)
2 Assignment – Problems Oriented (4*5 = 20M)
Two Quiz/ Unit
1 Quiz – Basic level (10 *0.5 = 5 M)
2 Quiz – Medium Level (5*1 = 5 M)
Overall Marks for each Unit is 50 M
Power System
Introduction
In order to supply power from generating end to receiving
end several equipment's are connected in to the system.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejC7bTBQo24
In order to protect the equipment's and components
against various operating conditions and over voltages
protective devices are required to be installed in the system.
Topics specified in this subject deal with various types of
protective equipment's and their working principle
including limitations etc.
NEED FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
An electrical power system consists of generators,
transformers, transmission and distribution lines, etc.
Short circuits and other abnormal conditions often
occur on a power system.
Short circuits are usually called faults by power
engineers. Strictly speaking, the term ‘fault’ simply
means a ‘defect’.
Some defects, other than short circuits, are also termed
as faults. For example, the failure of conducting path
due to a break in a conductor is a type of fault.
An Automatic Protective device is needed to isolate the
faulty element as quickly as possible to keep the healthy
section of the system in normal operation
The fault must be cleared within a fraction of a second.
A heavy short circuit current may cause a fire. It may spread
in the system and damage a part of it.
The system voltage may reduce to a low level and individual
generators in a power station or groups of generators in
different power stations may lose synchronism.
Thus, an un cleared heavy short circuit may cause the total
failure of the system.
NATURE AND CAUSES OF FAULTS
Faults are caused either by insulation failures or by conducting path failures.
The failure of insulation results in short circuits which are very harmful as they may damage
some equipment of the power system.
i. Faults on transmission and distribution lines are caused by
Over voltages due to lightning or switching surges,
External conducting objects falling on overhead lines.
ii. Faults on Transformers, Generators & Motors
The failure of insulation due to
Ageing
Heat
Moisture
Over voltage
Mechanical damage
Accidental contact with earth screens
Flash over due to over voltages etc.
Failure of Excitation
Failure of Prime Mover
TYPES OF FAULTS
Two broad classifications of faults are
Open Conductor Faults (series Fault)
Short Circuited Faults (Shunt Fault)
Symmetrical – LLL & LLLG
Unsymmetrical – LG,LL,LLG & LG-LL
EFFECTS OF FAULTS
The most dangerous type of fault is a short circuit as it may have the following
effects on a power system, if it remains uncleared.
Heavy short circuit current may cause damage to equipment or any other element
of the system due to overheating and high mechanical forces set up due to heavy
current.
Arcs associated with short circuits may cause fire hazards. Such fires, resulting from
arcing, may destroy the faulty element of the system. There is also a possibility of
the fire spreading to other parts of the system if the fault is not isolated quickly.
There may be reduction in the supply voltage of the healthy feeders, resulting in the
loss of industrial loads.
Short circuits may cause the unbalancing of supply voltages and currents, thereby
heating rotating machines.
There may be a loss of system stability.
The above faults may cause an interruption of supply to consumers, thereby causing
a loss of revenue.
FAULT STATISTICS
COMPONENTS OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
Components:
Transducer (C.T & P.T)
Relay
Circuit Breaker
Trip Circuit
A
protective system includes circuit breakers, transducers (CTs and VTs), and
protective relays to isolate the faulty section of the power system from the healthy
sections.
A circuit breaker can disconnect the faulty element of the system when it is called
upon to do so by the protective relay.
Transducers (CTs and VTs) are used to reduce currents and voltages to lower values
and to isolate protective relays from the high voltages of the power system.
The function of a protective relay is to detect and locate a fault and issue a
command to the circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty element.
It is a device which senses abnormal conditions on a power system by constantly
monitoring electrical quantities of the systems, which differ under normal and
abnormal conditions.
The basic electrical quantities which are likely to change during abnormal
conditions are current, voltage, phase-angle (direction) and frequency.
Protective relays utilize one or more of these quantities to detect
abnormal conditions on a power system. Protection is needed not only
against short circuits but also against any other abnormal conditions
which may arise on a power system.
A few examples of other abnormal conditions are over speed of
generators and motors, overvoltage, under
Frequency, loss of excitation, overheating of stator and rotor of an
alternator etc.
Protective relays are also provided to detect such abnormal conditions
and issue alarm signals to alert operators or trip circuit breaker.
The cost of the protective equipment generally works out to be about
5% of the total cost of the system.
