The Language and
Relations and
Functions
Relation
•Let
be set. A relation from A to B is a
subset of . Given an ordered pair (x, y)
in x is related to y by R, written , if and
only if, (x, y) is in R. The set A is
called the domain of R and the set B is
called its co – domain.
• Example 1(A Relation as a Subset):
Let and and define the relation R from A to B as
follows:
Given any
mean that is an integer
a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B
and which are in R.
b. Is ? Is ? Is ?
c. What are the domain and co – domain of R?
1. Let and
State explicitly which ordered pairs are in and
which are in R.
• State
explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B
and which are in R.
Note: mean that is an integer
𝑨 𝒙 𝑩={( 𝟏 ,𝟏 ) , ( 𝟏 , 𝟐 ) , ( 𝟏 , 𝟑 ) , ( 𝟐 , 𝟏 ) , ( 𝟐, 𝟐 ) ( 𝟐 ,𝟑 ) }
(0 is an integer)
(-1/2 is not an integer)
Test all the ordered pairs if the answer is integer
𝑹 ={( 𝟏 , 𝟏 ) , ( 𝟏 , 𝟑 ) , ( 𝟐 , 𝟐 ) }
Is ? Is ? Is ?
•Yes,
because
No, because
Yes, because
What are the domain and co – domain of R?
The domain of R is {1, 2} and the co – domain
is {1, 2, 3}
Your Turn!
•Let
and and define a relation from A to B as
follows: Given any,
State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B
and which are in Y x Z and which are in R.
b. Is ? Is ? Is ?
c. What are the domain and co – domain of R?
(The Circle Relation)
Define a relation C from R to R as follows:
For any
means that
•1. Is ? Is ? Is ?
Yes, because
No, because
Yes, because
Define a relation C from R to R as follows: For any
means that
•Is ? Is ? Is ?
No, because
Yes, because
No, because
Define a relation C from R to R as
follows: For any
means that
What are the domain and co – domain of C?
The domain and co – domain of C are both R, the
et of all real numbers.
Define a relation C from R to R as
follows: For any
means that
Draw a
graph for C
by plotting
the points of
C in the
Cartesian
Plane.
Your Turn!
•Define
a relation C from R to R as follows: For
any means that
a. Is? Is? Is?
Is ? Is ? Is ?
b. What are the domain and co – domain of C?
c. Draw a graph for C by plotting the points of
C in the Cartesian plane.
Let A = { 1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5} and define rations S
and T from A to B as follows:
means that S is a less than relation
T = {(2, 1), (2, 5)}
Draw a diagrams for S and T.
Your Turn!
•Let
A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 6, 8} and let
R be the “divides” relation from A to B:
For all,
if and only if
• Draw an arrow diagram for R.
•Function
A function F from a set A and B is a relation with
domain A and co – domain B that satisfies the
following two properties:
1. For every element x in A, there is an element y in
B such that .
2. For all elements x in a and y and z in B, if
and , then .
Properties (1) and (2) can be stated less formally as
follows: A relation F from A to B is a function if, and
only if:
1. Every element of A is the first element of an
ordered pair of F.
2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same
first element.
Notation
If A and B are sets and F is a function from A to B,
then given any element x in A, the unique element in
B that is related to x by F is denoted F(x), which is
read
on Finite Sets
Functions and Relations
Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the
relations R, S, and T defined below are functions
from A to B.
a.
R is not a function because it does not
satisfy property (2). The ordered pairs (4, 1)
and (4, 3) have the same first elements.
on Finite Sets
Functions and Relations
Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the
relations R, S, and T defined below are functions
from A to B.
b. For all means that
S is not a function because it does not satisfy
property (1). It is not rue that every element of A is
the first element of an ordered pair in S. For
example, but there is no y in B such that .
on Finite Sets
Functions and Relations
Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the
relations R, S, and T defined below are functions
from A to B.
𝑻 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎
𝑻𝒊𝒔𝒂
Your Turn!
• 4)
Let X = {a, b, c} and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which of
the relations A, B, C defined below are functions
from X to Y?
a. A = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)}
b. For all means that x is a vowel and y is even.
c. C is defined by the arrow diagram
Functions Defined by Formulas
•The
squaring function f from R to R is defined by
the formula for all real number . This means
that no matter what real number input is
substituted for , the output of f will be the
square of that number.
f equals g, written f = g, if, and only
if for all x in A.
(Equality of Functions)
Define by the following formulas:
for all
for all
•Yes.
Because the absolute value of any real
number equals the square root of its square,
for all . Hence
Your Turn!
• Define and by the following formulas:
and. Does?
