Chapter 2
CELL STRUCTURE
AND
CELL ORGANISATION
2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
ii ) component of a cell
Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
All cells come from pre-existing cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of
performing life functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
Few internal
structures
One-celled
organisms, Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
ORGANELLES
Organelles – structures in a cell that act
like “little organs.”
NUCLEUS
STRUCTURE
Spherical with double
membrane contain
nucleolus, chromosome and
nuclear membrane
FUNCTION
Control and regulate all
activities on cell
Contain hereditary factor
(gene)~responsible for trait
RIBOSOME
STRUCTURE
Small particle consist of
RNA
Exist freely in cytoplasm
or on the surface of rough
ER
FUNCTION
Synthesis of protein
Rough and smooth ER
STRUCTURE
System of membrane enclosed tubules
closely packed together and continuous
with nuclear membrane
Rough ER has ribosome while smooth
ER did not have
FUNCTION
Transport system for protein and lipid
within the cell
Rough ER transport protein synthesis
by ribosome to other part of the cell
Smooth ER stimulate the synthesis of
lipid and cholesterol and transport
within cell
MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE
Rod-shape with a double
membrane
Outer membrane is smooth and
regular while inner membrane
is folded to form cristae
FUNCTION
Known as the ‘power-house’ of
the cell
Releases energy as it the site for
aerobic respiration
GOLGI APPARATUS
STRUCTURE
Vacuolar region surrounded by a
complex meshwork of vesicles
budding off at its end
FUNCTION
Receive protein and lipid from ER
and modify them to form
secretion ~enzyme /hormone
Pack the secretion formed into
vesicle and transport to plasma
membrane
Control secretory activity
Form lysosome
LYSOSOMES
STRUCTURE
Membrane bound vesicle
found in animal
FUNCTION
Contain enzyme which
control breakdown of
protein and lipid
Contain enzyme that
digest aged or defective
cell component
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Disc-shape organelles with
double membrane
Consist arrangement of grana
within stroma
Each granum contain
chlorophyll
FUNCTION
Carry out photosynthesis
CHLOROPLAST
CENTRIOLES
STRUCTURE
Consist of two cylindrical
body structure arranged at
right angles to one another
Only in animal cell
FUNCTION
Formation of spindle fiber
during cell division
VACUOLE
STRUCTURE
Cavities filled with cell
sap surrounded by a semi-
permeable membrane
called tonoplast
FUNCTION
Contain water, sugar and
dissolve materials
Maintain turgidity of cell
in plant
NON-ORGANELLES
PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE
Thin, semi-
permeable membrane
FUNCTION
Control the
movement of
substance in and out
of the cell
CELL WALL
STRUCTURE
Thick layer outside the
plasma membrane
Made up of cellulose and
fully permeable
FUNCTION
Maintain the shape of
plant cell
Provide support
CYTOPLASM
STRUCTURE
Jelly-like substance
contain water and
Cytoplasm mineral salt
Contain organelles
FUNCTION
Medium for
metabolic reaction
Lets review……
Can you recognize the organelles involve in this picture?
Function of cellular component
STRUCTURE
Organelles Non-organelles
Nucleus Chloroplast Plasma
membrane
ER Centrioles
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria Vacuoles
Cell wall
Lysosome Golgi
apparatus
Ribosome
Homework
Lets make a revision
Listall the organelles found in the animal
and plant cell
Lets
watch this video and make a video
summarization
Comparison Between The Structure Of
An Animal Cell And Plant Cell
SIMILARITIES
Both have membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria,
Golgi apparatus and ER
DIFFERENCES
ANIMAL CELL Criteria PLANT CELL
smaller Size larger
No fixed shape Shape Have fixed shape
No regular pattern Pattern Arrange in regular
pattern
Do not have vacuole Vacuole Large central vacuole
absent chloroplast Present and contain
chlorophyll
Do not have cell wall Cell wall Has cellulose cell wall
Glycogen granules Granules Starch granules
Label the parts of the cell
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phbio/activities/cbd-3072/simbase.htm
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/cell/cell.htm
LETS DO AN ACTIVITY
Divide yourself into 6 group
Each group will be prepared by modeling clay
and manila card.
Each group’s representative will vote for cell
In
15 minutes, by using your creativity, build a
model based on the cell and their organelles
Need to label each structure and state their function
Relationship between the density of
organelles and the function of cell
No. of specific organelles depend on ~~type of cell and its
function
Active cell ~~↑ mitochondria to provide energy
Eg : SPERM CELL ~need to swim toward ovum
: FLIGHT MUSCLE CELL ~to move their wing during flight
: CELL IN MERISTEMS (plant shoot and root) ~active cell
division to produce new cell
↑ chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
~MESOPHYLL CELL
~GUARD CELL
Chapter 2 : Cell structure and cell organization
2.2
CELL ORGANIZATION
We, as multicellular organism can
feed, respire, excrete, move, respond
to stimuli, reproduce and grow.
Unicellular organism is organism
with just one single cell. So how come
this organism perform all the living
process????
By the end of the lesson, student
should be able to :-
Understand living process in unicellular
organism
the movement in unicellular organism
the reproduction in unicellular organism
the feeding in unicellular organism
the exchange of materials in unicellular
organism
CELL ORGANIZATION
ORGANISMS
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
larger organism with
Single cell organism more than one cell
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
Simple organism
consist of one cell each
Each cell or organism
is complete unit of life
~able to carry out all
living processes
Eg: ____________
Living processes of unicellular
organism
~~~ Amoeba sp
free living in fresh water
Enclose in plasma membrane
constantly change shape depend on
stimuli
Also called protozoa
Let’s do an activity
Divide yourself into 4 group
Each group’s representative will draw
lots for the topic and take manila card
and marker pen
Within 15 minutes, in group, discuss the
topic and draw the processes occur
After
that, each group will
present their work
Movement of Amoeba sp.
Move by extending temporary pseusopodia
or ‘false foot’ that anchor the ground
Therest of cytoplasm flow slowly into this
extension, hence move the org. along
Reproduction of Amoeba sp.
Once grown to certain size, the nucleus divided to
form 2 daughter cell
Cytoplasm divided and 2 daughter cell form ~~ binary
fission by asexually
When envi. not conducive, divided by spore
formation
Feeding of Amoeba sp.
Engulf food via phagocytosis
Holozoic org. feed on microb
Itmove around food particle, and take it into cytoplasm
~~food vacuole
Hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme) are added
and nutrient absorb into cytoplasm
Material exchange of Amoeba sp.
Exchange of gases, nutrient
and waste occur via plasma
membrane ~~diffusion
Water diffuse into cell
~osmosis and fill
contractile vacuole
When fill to max, it contract
to expel its content
THE END
Thanks for your
cooperation
Chapter 2 : Cell structure and cell organization
2.2 CELL ORGANISATION
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
Organism - more than one cell
Larger org. ~Need many different type of cell to
carry out life process
Achieve via cell specialization and cell organisation
Each type of cell has diff. size, shape and structure
Each cell not capable to perform all life process ~~ CELL
SPECIALISATION to perform different function
Achieve via DIFFERENTIATION ~cell begin CHANGE
shape and structure during grow
Each type of cell perform only one specific function ~ DIVISION OF
LABOUR
Cell organisation in multicellular
organism
CELL
TISSUES
ORGANS
SYSTEMS
MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISM
Lets do it!
Divide yourself into 5 group
Each group’s representative
will vote for title
Eachgroup will be prepared
by manila card and marker
pen.
20 minutes, make a mind
In
mapping about our title and
present to the class
CELL ORGANISATION IN
ANIMAL
TISSUES
EPITHELIAL
TISSUES NERVE TISSUES
CONNECTIVE
MUSCLE TISSUES
TISSUES
Chapter 2 : Cell structure and cell organization
Regulating the internal environment
At the end of the lesson, student should be
able to :-
State the meaning of internal environment,
external environment and interstitial fluid
Identify factors affecting the internal environment
Explain the necessity to maintain optimal internal
environment
Describe the involvement of various systems in
maintaining optimal internal environment.
Lets get familiar with the term first
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
– condition outside org. ~surrounding
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT – condition inside
org. , cell of body live within ~(own metabolism)
INTERSTITIAL FLUID – space between the cell
& constant bath the cell ~exchange substance with
blood plasma
Maintaining optimal internal environment
External envi influence ~internal envi
~extracellular fluid
~~need to maintain for cell to function
optimally ~keep internal envi. constant
FACTORS
PHYSICAL FACTOR CHEMICAL FACTOR
Blood P Salt
Osmotic P pH value
T Sugar content
HOMEOSTASIS
Process regulate P&C factors in internal
envi so that it always constant
If any P&C factor deviate from constant
value( OR ), it trigger homeostasis
mechanism to bring it back to normal
~~~NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
IMPORTANT OF HOMEOSTASIS :-
a) Change in pH or T, effect enzyme activity
b) Change in osmotic P, gain or loss water
c) Change in glucose level, relate on energy
Involvement of various system in maintain
optimal internal envi.
Various system interact to regulate and
maintain internal envi.
Eg : (body T) by integumentary sys., nervous
sys, muscular sys and endocrine sys
Receptor at Blood
hypothalamus vessel
skin detect
dilate
Normal Normal
body T body T
Receptor at Blood vessel
hypothalamus shrink
skin detect
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
YOUR HOMEWORK
Please make a negative feedback
mechanism on others factors that you
have learn
For your attention, I would like to say…
THANKS
YOU
