INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE
PROPERTIES
DEFINITION OF INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
An intensive property is one that does not depend on the mass of the
substance or system. look like, Temperature (T), pressure (P) and density
(r) are examples of intensive properties.
Intensive Property Examples:
The properties of matter that do not depend on the size or quantity of
matter in any way are referred to as an intensive property of matter.
Temperatures, density, color, melting and boiling point, etc., all are
intensive property as they will not change with a change in size or
quantity of matter. The density of 1 liter of water or 100 liters of water will
remain the same as it is an intensive property.
DEFINITION OF INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
An extensive property of a system depends on the system size or the
amount of matter in the system. If the value of the property of a system is
equal to the sum of the values for the parts of the system then such a
property is called extensive property. Volume, energy, and mass are
examples of extensive properties.
Extensive Property Examples:
There are properties such as length, mass, volume, weight, etc. that
depend on the quantity or size of the matter, these properties are called
an extensive property of matter and their value changes if the size or
quantity of matter changes. Suppose we have two boxes made up of the
same material, one has a capacity of four litres while the other has a
capacity of ten litres. The box with ten litres capacity will have more
amount of matter as compared to that of a four-liter box.
Differences between Intensive and Extensive Properties:
Difference between Intensive and Extensive properties
INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE
Independent property Dependent property
Size does not change Size changes
It cannot be computed It can be computed
Can be easily identified Cannot be easily identified
Example: melting point, colour, ductility, Example: length, mass, weight, volume
conductivity, pressure, boiling point,
lustre, freezing point, odour, density, etc
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
1. TEMPERATURE
This temperature variable is needed to show how hot or cold an object is.
There are several types of temperature units such as Fahrenheit, Celsius,
Reamur, and Kelvin. Where, Fahrenheit is commonly used in European and
American countries. Celsius is more commonly used by other countries.
Meanwhile, Reamur was previously used by France but has now switched
to another unit. Kelvin is a unit that may be more recently known than
other units. Kelvin is an absolute unit of temperature and is directly related
to heat energy.
To change the temperature unit from one unit to another, you can use the method below:
From ° F to °C From °C to ° K
° C = (F -32) x 5/9 ° K = °C + 273
From R to °C
°C = 5/4 x R
2. PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as the ratio between the force acting on the surface
area of the force acting
3. DENSITY
Density is the ratio of mass to volume of substance. The density of a fluid is
different from the density of a solid. Iron or wood has the same density in
each part. In contrast to fluids, for example air or water. The higher the air
above sea level, the smaller the density of the air. This is because the force
of gravity decreases with respect to altitude.
Density is mathematically written:
ρ=m/V
4. BOILING POINT
The boiling point of an object is the temperature at which the liquid and
gaseous states are in thermal equilibrium. At the boiling point, an object is
undergoing a state change from liquid to gas or from gas to liquid and
during the change in form, the temperature of the object is always
constant.
5. ADVANCE VOLTAGE
In liquids, surface tension is the ability of the surface of the liquid to
stiffen, so that the surface seems to be covered by an elastic layer. Which,
this is caused by the attractive forces between the molecules are not
balanced. Surface tension is related to events called cohesion and
adhesion. The surface tension is responsible for the shape of the liquid
droplets.
6. pH
pH (Power of Hydrogen) is the degree of acidity used to express the level
of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is defined as a cologarithm of the
activity of the dissolved hydrogen (H +) ion.
7. REFRACTIVE INDEX
The refractive index in the medium is defined as the ratio between the
speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light propagation in a medium.
Mathematically, the refractive index can be written:
n = c / vp
Where:
n = refractive index
c = the speed of light in a vacuum (299,792,458 meters / second)
vp = fast propagation of light on a medium
Refractive index is never less than 1 or (n ≥ 1)
8. VISCOSITY
Viscosity or thickness of a liquid is one of the properties of a liquid that determines
the amount of resistance to shear forces. Viscosity occurs mainly due to the interactions
between the liquid molecules. The viscosity of a liquid can be measured in several ways
by a device called a viscometer or viscometer.
Either by measuring the time it takes for the liquid to travel a certain distance
through the tube or the time it takes for an object of a certain size and density to fall
through the liquid for this measurement the SI unit is the pascal second, with the pascal
as the unit of pressure. This quality is therefore measured in terms of pressure and time,
so that, under applied pressure, the viscous liquid will take more time to move over a
certain distance.
9. SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature by 1 ° C for 1 kg of the substance. The
symbol used for the specific heat capacity is c and the units are J / (kg ° C)
or J / (kg K).
In general, the quantity of heat energy, Q, required by the mass (m) kg of a substance with
a specific heat capacity (c) J / (kg ° C) to raise the temperature from t1 ° C to t2 ° C is given
by:
Q = m.c. (t2 - t1) [Joule]
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
1. SPECIFIC VOLUME
Specific volume (v) is a quantity that indicates the volume per unit mass. This quantity is the
reciprocal of density (ρ). Water vapor has a specific volume that is much larger than water in
the liquid phase because gas in the gas phase has a much greater distance between
molecules than in the liquid phase. As a result, the gas phase has a very low density which
means it has a high specific volume.
2. ENERGY IN SPECIFIC
Specific internal energy is a quantity that indicates how much "energy in" a substance
is per unit mass. The inner energy itself is the amount of the kinetic energy of the
substance's molecules. In theory, a substance molecule will always move if its
temperature is above 0 K so that it has kinetic energy. Like the concept of energy in
general, internal energy has properties relative to a certain reference. What can be
known, however, is the difference in energy between the two different states.
3. SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
Enthalpy is a quantity that shows the total heat energy possessed by a
substance in a certain condition. The amount of enthalpy is the sum of the
internal energy and the product of the pressure and volume. Whereas the
specific enthalpy is the amount of enthalpy per unit mass.
4. MOLES AND MOLECULAR MASS
1 mole = 6,022 x 1023 molecules
6,022 x 1023 is also called the avogadro number (NA)
Mass of an atom / molecule:
m0 = M / NA
The relationship between mass and moles:
m=nxM
or
n=m/M
Information:
n: number of moles
M: Relative mass of atom/molecule
m: mass of substance (kg)
5. ENTROPY
Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder in a thermodynamic
system. Entropy is also the definition of the energy available in a system
with a certain form. In the equation, entropy is denoted by the letter "S"
and is in joules per kelvin.
1) Entropy of Reversible Processes
For a process that is reversible or called reversible, we can assume the amount of entropy
of the system. With the same probability, the entropy is equal to the Boltzmann constant
multiplied by the natural logarithm of the number of possible states formed.
S = kB x ln W
Where Boltzman's constant (kB) is 1.38065 × 10−23 J / K.
2) Entropy of Isothermal Processes
Another way that can be done is to calculate the change in entropy (S) using the change in
heat that occurs (Q) and also the absolute temperature (T).
ΔS = ΔQ / T
Based on these equations, it makes sense that entropy increases for the change in
temperature from hot to cold.
3) Entropy and Inner Energy
In physical chemistry and thermodynamics, one of the most useful equations related to
entropy is the energy in (U) that accompanies a thermodynamic system.
dU = T dS - p dV
In this case, the change in energy in (dU) equals the absolute temperature multiplied by the
change in entropy reduced by external pressure (p) and also the change in volume (V).
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