Chapter 9
Chemical Names and Formulas
Section 9.1
Naming Ions
Monatomic Ions
Ionic compounds consists of a positive metal ion and a
negative nonmetal ion combined in a proportion such that
their charges add up to a net charge of zero.
NaCl – consists of one Na+ and one Cl-.
Monatomic ions consists of a single atom with a positive or
negative charge resulting from the loss or gain of one or more
valence electrons.
Monatomic Ions - Cations
Cations tend to lose valence electrons. (1+ charge – lose 1
electron, 2+ charge – lose 2 electrons, etc. )
When the metals in Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A lose electrons, they
form cations with positive charges equal to their group number.
The name of the cations of the Group 1A, 2A and 3A are the
same as the name of the metal, followed by the word ion or
cation.
Na+ is sodium ion, Ca2+ is calcium ion, Al3+ is aluminum ion.
Monatomic Ions - Anions
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form anions, so the
charge of a nonmetallic ion is negative.
The charge of any ion of a Group A nonmetal is determined by
subtracting 8 from the group number.
Group 7A form anions with a 1- charge (7-8 = -1)
Anion names start with the stem of the element name and
end in –ide.
Anion of fluorine is fluoride ion (F-), anion of chlorine is
chloride ion (Cl-)
Ions of Transition Metals
Many of the transition metals (Group 1B – 8B) form more than
one cation with different ionic charges.
Two methods are used to name these ions.
1.Stock System – a roman numeral in parentheses is placed
after the name of the element to indicate the numerical value
of the charge.
Fe2+ is iron(II) ions Fe3+ is iron(III) ion.
2.Classical – name of the element is used to form the root
name for the element.
Fe2+ is ferrous ion Fe3+ is ferric ions
Fe 2 iron(II) / ferrous
Ag1 silver
Fe3 iron(III) / ferric Cd 2 cadmium
Hg 1 Zn 2 zinc
mercury(I) / mercurous
Co 2 cobalt(II) / cobaltous
Hg 2 mercury(II) / mercuric
2
Cr 2 chromium(II) / chromous
Mn manganese(II)
Ni 2 Cu1 copper(I) / cuprous
nickel(II) / nickelous
Cu 2 copper(II) /cupric
Pb 2 lead(II) /plumbous
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions are composed of more than one atom.
Sulfate ions (SO42-) is composed of one sulfur atom and four
oxygen atoms.
Polyatomic ions are a tightly bound group of atoms that
behave as a unit and carry a charge.
The names of most polyatomic anions end in –ite or –ate.
+1 CHARGE -1 CHARGE
ion name
NO2- nitrite
ion name
NO3- nitrate
OH- hydroxide
CH3COO- acetate
NH 4
+
ammonium
H3O + hydronium
-1 CHARGE -1 CHARGE
ion name ion name
CN- cyanide IO3- iodate
MnO4- permanganate IO4- periodate
ClO3- chlorate
ClO4- perchlorate
ClO- hypochlorite
-2 CHARGE -2 CHARGE
ion name
ion name
CO32- carbonate C2O42- oxalate
CrO42- chromate
SO3 2-
sulfite
SO42- sulfate Cr2O72- dichromate
SiO32- silicate O22- peroxide
-3 CHARGE -4 CHARGE
ion name ion name
PO33- phosphite P2O74- pyrophosphate
PO43- phosphate
End of Section 9.1
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
A binary compound is composed of two elements and can be
either ionic or molecular (covalent)
To name any binary ionic compound, place the cation name
first, followed by the anion name.
Cs2O is cesium oxide NaBr is sodium bromide
Cu2O is copper(I) oxide CuO is copper(II) oxide
Writing Formulas
Binary Ionic Compounds
Write the symbol of the cation and then the anion. Add
whatever subscripts are needed to balance the charges.
The positive charge of the cation must balance the negative
charge of the anion so that the net ionic charge of the
formula is zero.
K+ + Cl- KCl
Ca2+ + Br- CaBr2
Fe3+ + O2- Fe2O3
Use the crisscross method – the numerical value of the charge
of each ion is crossed over and becomes the subscript for the
other ion.
Writing Formulas
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds
An –ate or –ite ending on the name of a compound indicates
that the compound contains a polyatomic anion that includes
oxygen.
Write the symbol for the cation followed by the formula for
the polyatomic ion and balance the charges.
Ca2+ + NO3- Ca(NO3)2
Sr2+ + SO32- SrSO3
Li+ + CO32- Li2CO3
Use the crisscross method – the numerical value of the charge
of each ion (polyatomic too) is crossed over and becomes the
Naming
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds
First recognize that the compound contains a polyatomic ion.
State the cation first and then the anion
NaClO
sodium hypochlorite
(NH4)2C2O4
ammonium oxalate
Li2CO3
lithium carbonate
End of Section 9.2
Section 9.3
Naming and Writing Formulas
for
Molecular Compounds
Naming Molecular Compounds
Binary ionic compounds are composed of the ions of two
elements, a metal and a nonmetal.
Binary molecular compounds are composed of two
elements, two nonmetals and they are not ions.
Binary molecular compounds are composed of
molecules, not ions, so ionic charges cannot be used to
write formulas or to name them.
In addition, when two nonmetallic elements combine,
they often do so in more than one way. (CO, CO2)
Prefixes in the names of binary molecular compounds
help distinguish compounds containing different
amounts of the same two elements.
Naming Molecular Compounds
The prefix in the name of a binary molecular compound
tells how many atoms of each element are present in
each molecule of the compound.
Prefix Number
mono- 1
di- 2
tri- 3
tetra- 4
penta- 5
hexa- 6
hepta- 7
octa- 8
nona- 9
deca- 10
Naming Molecular Compounds
The names of all binary molecular compounds end in
–ide.
CO is carbon monoxide
CO2 is carbon dioxide
If just one atom of the first element is in the formula, omit
the prefix mono-
•Name the elements in order listed in the formula
•Use prefixed to indicate the number of each kind of atom
•The suffix of the name of the second element is –ide.
N2O is dinitrogen monoxide
SF6 is sulfur hexafluoride.
Writing Formulas
Molecular Compounds
Use the prefixes in the name to tell you the subscript of
each element in the formula.
Then write the correct symbols for the two elements with
the appropriate subscripts.
Silicon Carbide
SiC
Dinitrogen tetraoxide
N2O4
Diphosphorus trioxide
P2O3
End of Section 9.3
End of Chapter 7
Section 9.4
Naming and Writing Formulas
for
Acids and Bases
Naming Acids
Acid is a compound that contains one or more hydrogen
atoms and produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved
in water.
When naming acids, the acid consists of an anion
combined with as many hydrogen ions as needed to
make the molecule electrically neutral.
The general chemical formulas of acids is H nX.
X is a monatomic or polyatomic anion
n is a subscript indication the number of hydrogen ions
combined with the anion.
Naming Acids
Three rules are used to name acids. The name depends
on the name of the anion and its suffix (-ide, -ite, -ic)
1.a. When the name of the anion ends in –ide, the acid
name begins with the prefix hydro-.
b. The stem of the anion has the suffix –ic and is
followed by the word acid.
H+ + Cl- HCl
Hydrogen ion chloride ion hydrochlor
hydro ic acid
H+ + S2- H 2S
Hydrogen ion sulfide ion hydrosulfur
hydro ic acid
Naming Acids
Three rules are used to name acids. The name depends
on the name of the anion and its suffix (-ide, -ite, -ic)
2.a. When the anion name ends in –ite, the acid name
is the stem of the anion with the suffix –ous,
followed by the word acid
H+ + SO32- H2SO3
Hydrogen ion sulfite ion sulfurous acid
H+ + IO2- HIO2
Hydrogen ion iodite ion iodous acid
Naming Acids
Three rules are used to name acids. The name depends
on the name of the anion and its suffix (-ide, -ite, -ic)
3.a. When the anion name end in –ate, the acid name is
the stem of the anion with the suffix –ic followed by the
word acid.
H+ + NO3- HNO3
Hydrogen ion nitrate ion nitric acid
H+ + SO42- H2SO4
Hydrogen ion sulfate ion sulfuric acid
Writing Formulas for Acids
Use the rules for writing the names of acids in reverse to
write the formula for acids.
Hydrobrom
Hydro ic acid
Hydro indicates the bromide ion
HBr
Phosphorous acid
-ous indicates the phosphite ion
H3PO3
Formic acid
-ic and beginning with the anion name indicates the formate ion
HCOOH
Bases
A base is an ionic compound that produced hydroxide
ions (OH-)when dissolved in water.
Bases are named the same way as other ionic
compounds – the name of the cation is followed by the
name of the anion.
NaOH is sodium hydroxide
To write the formulas for bases, write the symbol for the
cation followed by the formula for the hydroxide ion.
(then use the crisscross method to write the formula as
you do as you do for any ionic compound)
Aluminum hydroxide – Al3+ + OH- Al(OH)3
Ammonium hydroxide – NH4+ + OH- NH4OH
End of Section 9.4
End of Chapter 7
Laws Governing Formulas & Names
Law of Definite Proportions
A chemical formula tells you (by subscripts) the ratio of
atoms of each element in the compound.
Ratios of atoms can also be expressed as ratios of
masses.
100 g of MgS breaks down into 43.12g Mg and 56.88g of
sulfur.
100g MgS 1 mol MgS 1 mol Mg 24.305g Mg = 43.12g Mg
56.4g MgS 1 mol MgS 1 mol Mg
100g MgS 1 mol MgS 1 mol S 32.06g S = 56.88g S
56.4g MgS 1 mol MgS 1 mol S
Laws Governing Formulas & Names
The ratios of these masses is 43.12/56.88 = 0.758:1
The mass ratio of 0.758:1 does not change no matter how
the magnesium sulfide is formed or the size of the
sample.
Law of Definite proportions states that in samples of
any chemical compound, the masses of the elements are
always in the same proportions.
MgS illustrates the law of definite proportions
Laws Governing Formulas & Names
The Law of Multiple Proportions
Water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are formed
by the same two elements, they have different physical
and chemical properties.
Each compound obeys the law of definite proportions in
every sample of hydrogen peroxide. (16g O : 1g H)
In every sample of water, the mass ratio of O to H is
always 8:1 (8g O: 1g H)
If a sample of H2O2 has the same mass of H as a sample
of H2O, the ratio of the mass of O in the two compounds
is exactly 2:1
Laws Governing Formulas & Names
16 g O (in H2O2 has 1g H) = 16 = 2 = 2:1
8 g O (in H2O has 1 g H) 8 1
Law of multiple proportions states that whenever the
same two elements form more than one compound, the
different masses of one element that combine with the
same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small
whole numbers.
End of Chapter 9
