Design and Analysis
of Experiments
Chapter 4
BLOCKING
Dr. Tran Thanh Hung
Department of Automation Technology,
College of Engineering, Can Tho University
Email:
[email protected] Chapter objectives
At the end of this chapter, students can:
• explain the concept of Blocking in Design of
Experiment
• use ANOVA to analyze block designs
• apply of Latin Square Designs in presence of
two nuisance factors
Nuisance factors
• What are nuisance factors?
• Effects of nuisance factors?
• How to deal with nuisance factors?
Example: hardness testing
• One factor: tip type
(Tip 1, Tip 2, Tip 3, Tip 4)
• Four tests per tip type
tip 4 x 4 runs
• These 4 tips produce
different hardness
reading on a hardness
tester?
Example: hardness testing
• Assignment of the tips to an experimental
unit; that is, a test coupon (mẫu thử)
4 x 4 runs = 16 coupons
• Structure of a completely randomized design
(CRD)
• Problems?
The test coupons are a source of nuisance
variability
• The experimenter may want to test the tips
across coupons of various hardness levels 5
The need for blocking
Example: hardness testing
• Conduct this experiment as a randomized complete
block design (RCBD= thiết kế đóng khối hoàn chỉnh
ngẫu nhiên), assign all 4 tips to each coupon
• Each coupon is called a “block”; that is, it’s a
homogenous (đồng nhất) experimental unit on which
to compare the tips
• Variability between blocks can be large, but
variability within a block should be relatively small
• In general, a block is a specific level of the nuisance
factor
• A complete replicate of the basic experiment is
conducted in each block
• A block represents a restriction on randomization
• All runs within a block are randomized 6
Example: hardness testing
• Suppose that we use b = 4 blocks:
• Once again, we are interested in testing the equality
of treatment means, but now we have to remove the
variability associated with the nuisance factor (the
blocks)
7
Randomized complete block
design (RCBD)
• The RCBD is one of the most widely used experimental
designs.
• Situations for which the RCBD is appropriate:
Units of test equipment or machinery, batches of raw
material, people, time,…
Suppose that there are a
treatments (factor levels) and b
blocks
Extension of the ANOVA to the
RCBD
• A statistical model (effects model) for the RCBD is
i 1, 2,..., a
yij i j ij
j 1, 2,..., b
an overall mean, ij N 0, 2 : random error
i i th treatment effect, a b
i 0, j 0
j jth block effect,
i 1 j 1
• The relevant (fixed effects) hypotheses are
H 0 : 1 2 a where i (1/ b) j 1 ( i j ) i
b
H 0 : 1 2 a 0 9
Extension of the ANOVA to the
RCBD
Let:
yi. , yi. :total & average of the observations under treatment i,
y. j , y. j :total & average of the observations in block j,
y.. , y.. :total & average of all observations,
b
yi.
yi. yij , yi . , i 1, 2,..., a
j 1 b
a y. j
y. j yij , y. j , j 1, 2,..., b
i 1 a
a b
y..
y.. yij , y.. ,
i 1 j 1 N
10
N a b :total number of observations
Extension of the ANOVA to the
RCBD
ANOVA partitioning of total variability:
a b a b
ij .. i. .. . j .. ij i. . j ..
( y y
i 1 j 1
) [( y2
y ) ( y
i 1 j 1
y ) ( y y y y )] 2
a b a b
b ( yi. y.. ) a ( y. j y.. ) ( yij yi. y. j y.. ) 2
2 2
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1
a b a b
2 ( yi. y.. )( y. j y.. ) 2 ( yi. y.. )( yij yi. y. j y.. )
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1
0 0
a b
2 ( y. j y.. )( yij yi. y. j y.. )
i 1 j 1
0
11
SST SSTreatments SS Blocks SS E
Extension of the ANOVA to the
RCBD
The degrees of freedom for the sums of squares in
SST SSTreatments SS Blocks SS E
are as follows:
ab 1 a 1 b 1 (a 1)(b 1)
SSTreatments SS Blocks
MSTreatments , MS Blocks ,
a 1 b 1
SS E MSTreatments
MS E , F0
(a 1)(b 1) MS E
F0 can be used to test the hypothesis of equal treatment
means 12
ANOVA Display for the RCBD
• The reference distribution for F0 is the Fa-1, (a-1)(b-1)
distribution (randomization distribution)
• Reject the null hypothesis H0 if
F0 F ,a 1,( a 1)(b 1) 13
Example: Vascular Graft (p.144)
• To conduct this experiment as a RCBD, assign all
4 pressures to each of the 6 batches of resin
• Each batch of resin is called a “block”; that is, it’s a
more homogenous experimental unit on which to
test the extrusion pressures
14
Example: Vascular Graft
ANOVA Output
F0 F0.05,3,15 3.29 Reject H 0
15
Model Adequacy Checking:
Residual Analysis
16
Model Adequacy Checking:
Residual Analysis
17
Model Adequacy Checking:
Residual Analysis
• Basic residual plots indicate that normality,
constant variance assumptions are satisfied
• No obvious problems with randomization
• No patterns in the residuals vs. block
• Can also plot residuals versus the pressure
(residuals by factor)
• These plots provide more information about the
constant variance assumption, possible outliers
18
Multiple Comparisons for the Vascular
Graft Example – Which Pressure is
Different?
19
Other Aspects of the RCBD
See Text, Section 4-1.3, pg. 150
• The RCBD utilizes an additive model (mô
hình cộng) – no interaction between
treatments and blocks
• Random Treatments and/or Blocks
• Missing values: Missing some observations in
one of the blocks
• What are the consequences of not blocking
if we should have?
• Sample sizing in the RCBD? The OC curve
approach can be used to determine the
number of blocks to run..see page 153 20
The Latin Square Design
• Text reference, Section 4-2, pg. 158
• These designs are used to simultaneously
control (or eliminate) two sources of
nuisance variability
• A significant assumption is that the three
factors (treatments, 2 nuisance factors) do
not interact
• If this assumption is violated, the Latin square
design will not produce valid results
• Latin squares are not used as much as the
RCBD in industrial experimentation
21
The Rocket Propellant Problem –
A Latin Square Design
•• This is a
• Page 162 shows some other Latin squares
• Table 4-13 (page 162) contains properties of Latin
squares
• Statistical analysis?
22
Statistical Analysis of the
Latin Square Design
• The statistical (effects) model is
i 1, 2,..., p
yijk i j k ijk j 1, 2,..., p
k 1, 2,..., p
• The statistical analysis (ANOVA) is much like
the analysis for the RCBD.
• See the ANOVA table, page 160 (Table 4-10)
• The analysis for the rocket propellant
example is presented on text page 161
23
Thực hành chương 4
• Bài 1: Dùng Minitab phân tích kết quả thí
nghiệm trong ví dụ kiểm tra độ cứng.
Số liệu kết quả thí nghiệm:
Tip Coupon Hardness Tip Coupon Hardness
1 1 9.3 3 1 9.2
1 2 9.4 3 2 9.4
3 3 9.5
1 3 9.6 3 4 9.7
1 4 10.0 4 1 9.7
2 1 9.4 4 2 9.6
2 2 9.3 4 3 10.0
2 3 9.8 4 4 10.2
2 4 9.9
Thực hành chương 4
• Bài 2: Thiết kế thí nghiệm xếp máy bay
với 3 độ rộng cánh khác nhau trên 3 loại
giấy khác nhau. Mỗi loại phóng 10 lần.
Dùng Minitab phân tích kết quả.
