Chapter One
Introduction to Microprocessor
What is microprocessor?
A microprocessor ( µp) is a digital electronic component
with transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).
Microprocessor is a versatile chip.
A Microprocessor is hardware device, which is capable of
1. Receiving Input
2 Performing Computations
3. Storing data and instructions
4. Display the results
5. Controlling all the devices that perform the above 4 functions.
A MICROPROCESSOR is a multipurpose programmable logic device
reads binary instructions from storage device called memory
accepts binary data as input
processes data according to those instructions
provides output as input
microprocessor
Type of Microprocessor Based On Instruction set
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing )
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing )
RISC
• reduce execution time by simplifying the instruction set of the computer.
• commonly used in ovens, air conditioner.
The major characteristics of a RISC processor are:
• Relatively few instructions
• Relatively few addressing modes
• Memory access limited to load and store instructions
• All operations done within the registers of the CPU
• Fixed-length, easily decoded instruction format
• Single-cycle instruction execution
• execute one instruction per clock cycle
This is done by overlapping
• the fetch ,decode and execute phases of two or three instructions
CON….
CISC
• The essential goal of a CISC architecture is provide a single machine
instruction for each statement that is written in a high-level language
• The types of processors are used in desktops, laptops and servers.
The major characteristics of CISC architecture are:
• A large number of instructions-typically from 100 to 250 instructions.
• Instructions that perform specialized tasks and are used infrequently
• A large variety of addressing modes-typically from 5 to 20 different modes
• Variable-length instruction formats
• Instructions that manipulate operands in memory
Microprocessors fall into three categories based on their content:
Single Chip Microcomputers
General purpose microprocessor.
Bit slice microprocessor.
CON…
Single Chip Microcomputers
Contains microprocessor, ROM, RWM, I/O port, clock and timer.
General Purpose Microprocessor
Contain ALU with one or more registers.
General and special purpose registers .
The general purpose microprocessor are available of word lengths of 1, 4, 8, 16, 32,
and 64 bits.
Bit Slice Microprocessor
Divide the functions of ALU, general purpose and special purpose registers
and control unit into several ICs.
General purpose registers and ALU were packed in separately
from controls.
Bit slice processor could be cascaded to produce any unconventional or conventional
word length of the microprocessor such as 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 32 or higher bits.
The Microprocessor Age
Microprocessors – From 4004 to Core i7
First microprocessor developed at Intel(Integrated Electronics)
Corporation in 1971.
The microprocessor age began with the advancement in the IC
technology to put all necessary functions of a CPU into a single chip.
Advancement in semiconductor technology increased the capacity to
include more and more logic on a single chip.
Microprocessor age
Intel 4004
This was the first microprocessor chip that came into market by Intel in 1971.
It was a 4-bit microprocessor
Processor or a clock speed of 740 KHz.
The 4004 instruction set contained 45 instructions.
4-bit-wide memory locations.
4-bit microprocessor used in early game systems and small control systems .
Main problems with early microprocessor
Speed
word width
memory size.
Intel 4004
Intel 4040
This was another contribution by Intel in 1974. It was also a 4-bit
microprocessor.
4-bit-wide memory location .
Operated at a higher speed than 4004 but
lacked improvements in word width
memory size
Intel 8008 CON….
This 8 bit microprocessor was introduced in 1972.
This was the first microprocessor form the series of 8 bit
microprocessors.
It had a clock speed of 500 KHz.
It could execute 50,000 instructions in a second.
Contained additional instructions, 48 totals.
Intel 8008
Intel 8080 CON…
This microprocessor was introduced in the year 1974.
It was basically an 8 bit microprocessor.
a better clock speed of 2 MHz
This processor had 6000 transistors.
It was 10 times faster than the previous processor that is 8008.
It could easily execute 5, 00,000 instructions in a second.
Intel 8080
Intel 8085
This microprocessor was introduced in 1976.
It was another 8 bit microprocessor .
Its most successful 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor
a clock speed of 3 MHz
It had a data bus of 8-bit with an address bus of 16 bit.
It had a total of 6500 transistors.
.It had 246 instructions and more than 100 million copies of it were sold.
Main advantages of 8085 were its internal clock generator and system controller,
and higher clock frequency.
Intel 8086
It was the first 16 bit microprocessor.
clock speed of 4.77 MHz, 8MHz, and 10MHz. depending on the version.
The data bus is 16 bit and the address bus is 20 bit.
It had the ability to take 22,000 instructions.
Increased memory size and additional instructions in 8086/8088 led to many
sophisticated applications. Like
Spreadsheets,
word processors,
spelling checkers but limited for databases (80286)
Microprocessors Difference:
The major difference are:
Instruction set
Register size and number
Address bus size
Data bus size
Number of transistor
Memory size
THE MICROPROCESSOR-BASED PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computers have undergone many changes recently from abacus to mini computer
Machines that once filled large areas reduced to small desktop computer systems because of the microprocessor
Diagram of the personal computer.
BUS
What is bus?
A common group of wires that interconnect components in a
computer system.
Transfer address, data, & control information between
microprocessor, memory and I/O.
Three buses exist for this transfer of information: address,
data, and control.
How Microprocessor Communicate with Memory and I/O Components?
The microprocessor reads a memory location by sending an address through the address
bus.
Next, it sends a memory read control signal to cause the memory to read data.
Data read from memory are passed to the microprocessor through the data bus.
Whenever a memory write, I/O write, or I/O read occurs, the same sequence is done.
Data bus
What is data bus?
The data bus is 'bi-directional’
data or instruction codes from memory or input/output are
transferred into the microprocessor.
The result of an operation or computation is sent out from the
microprocessor to the memory or input/output.
Depending on the particular microprocessor, the data bus can
handle 8 bit or 16 bit data.
Address bus
What is Address bus?
The address bus is 'unidirectional.
over which the microprocessor sends an address code to the
memory or input/output.
The size (width) of the address bus is specified by the number of
bits it can handle.
Control bus
What is control bus?
The control bus is used by the microprocessor to send out or receive
timing.
control signals in order to coordinate and regulate its operation.
Allow communicate with other devices, i.e. memory or input/output.
List of the devices with microprocessors
Pocket Calculators, Digital Watches, Compact Disk Players.
Realistic video games.
Air conditoner, Mobiles, Camera, Personal Computers.
T HE E N D
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