COURSE PLAN

UNIT - I
Lecture Topics Key-words Objectives
No(s)

1-2 Operational amplifiers : Equivalent circuits, voltage transfer curve – Ideal op amp parameters To understand the concept of
Open loop Op-amp configuration characteristics of ideal Op-
amp
3-6 Voltage series, Voltage shunt feedback amplifiers configurations Effect of Negative feedback To analyze the feedback
on op amp performance, amplifiers to find the gain,
negative feedback input impedance and output
topologies, voltage shunt impedance
and voltage series
configurations
Practical Op Amp.
Inverting, Non inverting,
7-8 Differential amplifiers Differential Configurations To understand the concept of
closed loop differential Op-
amp
9-11 Output Off set voltage, off set null pins. DC Imperfections Analysis of Imperfection in
Minimizing output offset voltage due to input bias current and input Op-amp with and without
offset current feedback
12-13 Factors affecting off set parameters. DC Imperfection Analysis of Imperfection in
Op-amp with and without
feedback
14-15 CMRR – Open and closed loop frequency response of op-amp, AC Imperfection Analysis of Imperfection in
circuit stability, Slew rate and its effects in applications Op-amp with and without
feedback
 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OP-
AMP
• The OP-AMP characteristics (parameters) are important in practice because, we
can use them to compare the performance of various op amp ICs and select the
best suitable from them for the required application.
• OP-AMP characteristics are classified into two categories, namely

AC characteristic and DC characteristic .

 IMPORTANT ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS AND EQUATION

A = gain of amplifiers. VN
Vd= difference between the voltage. V0
V0= gain of voltage (Output voltage) Vd
V0 = A (VP -VN)
Electrical parameter :
Vp
1. Input bias current(IB): average of current that flows into the inverting and
non-inverting input terminal of op-amp.

2. I/p and o/p impedance (Ri and Ro) : It is the resistance offered by the inputs
and the output terminals to varying voltages. The quantity is expressed in Ohms.

3. Open Loop Gain: It is the overall voltage gain or the amplification.

4. Input offset voltage (Vio): It is a voltage that must be applied between the two
terminal of an
op-amp to null the o/p.

5.Input offset current (Iio): The algebraic different between the current in to the inverting
and Non-inverting terminal.
For ac application consider the following For dc applications consider the following
parameters parameters
Input and output resistance Input and output resistance

Output voltage swing Output voltage swing

Input offset voltage and current Input offset voltage and current

Slew rate large signal Voltage gain

CMRR

Gain bandwidth product

• Open loop voltage gain [A] - It is the differential gain of
an OP-AMP in the open loop mode of operation.
• Input resistance [Ri] - It is defined as the equivalent
resistance which can be measured at either at inverting or
non- inverting terminal with the other terminal connected
to ground.
• Output resistance [Ro] - It is the resistance measured by
looking into the output terminal of OP-AMP, with the
input source short circuited.
• Bandwidth [Hz]-It is the range over which all signal frequencies
are amplified almost equally.

• Common mode rejection ratio [CMRR] - It is defined as

the ratio of differential gain to common mode gain.

• Slew rate [SR] – It is defined as the maximum rate of

change of output voltage per unit time.(V/ microseconds)

• Power supply rejection ratio [PSRR] - It is the change in an OP-

AMPs input offset voltage caused by variation in the supply voltage.
• Input offset voltage [Vio] - Ideally, for a zero input
voltage output should be zero. V0 = A (V1 –V2),
Where V1 =V2 = 0, V0 = 0. But practically it is not so.
This is due to unavoidable unbalances inside the OP-
AMP.
• Input bias current [IB] - It is the average of the
currents flowing into the two input terminal of the
OP-AMP.
• Input offset current [Iio] - It is the algebraic
difference between the currents flowing into the
inverting and non-inverting terminal of OP-AMP.
 COMPARISON OF IDEAL AND
PRACTICAL OP- AMP
characteristics Practical value Ideal value
Voltage gain 2 ×105 ∞
Input resistance 2MΩ ∞
Output resistance 75Ω 0
Bandwidth 1 MHz ∞
CMRR 90 dB ∞
Slew rates 0.5V/µs ∞
PSRR 150µV/V 0
Input offset voltage 2mV 0
Input bias current 50 nA 0
Input offset current 6 nA 0
DC CHARACTERISTIC
 ZERO NOISE CONTRIBUTION

 In an ideal op amp, all noise voltages produced are external

to the op amp. Thus any noise in the output signal must have
been in the input signal as well.

 The ideal op amp contributes nothing extra to the output

noise.

 In real op-amp, there is noise due to the internal circuitry of

the op-amp that contributes to the output noise.
  INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE

 Ideally, output of an op-amp is 0 Volt if the input is 0 Volt.

 Realistically, a small dc voltage will appear at the output

when no input voltage is applied.

 Thus, differential dc voltage is required between the inputs

to force the output to zero volts.

 This is called the Input Offset Voltage, Vos. Range between

2 mV or less.
 Input and output Offset Voltage
1. Construct the circuit as per the diagram shown in
  Figure 2.
2.Measure the dc output voltage. This is the output offset
voltage.
 
  Calculate the input offset voltage.
3.
4. To eliminate this offset voltage, connect the circuit as
  shown in Figure 3. Figure2.
  Vary the pot until the output voltage becomes zero.
5.
Input and output offset voltage
Note: Due to the pot sensitivity, you may not get a measurement
full zero on the output. A minimum voltage at the
output in the range of mV will be sufficient.

Figure3. Elimination of offset voltage

5k ohm potentiometer
 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

 Ideally should be zero.

 The dc current required by the inputs of the

amplifier to properly operate the first stage.
 Is the average of both input currents.
 INPUT IMPEDANCE
 I s the total resistance between the inverting and
non-inverting inputs.

 Differential input impedance : total resistance

between the inverting and non-inverting inputs.

 C o m m o n - m o d e input impedance: total resistance

between each input and ground.
Input Offset Current

It is the difference of input bias currents.

Input offset current Offset voltage

I os=∣I 1−I 2∣
V os=I 1 Rin− I 2 Rin=(I 1−I 2 )
Thus, error Rin
Vout ( error )=Av I os
INPUT
  BIAS CURRENT AND OFFSET CURRENT
1. Construct the circuit as per the diagram shown in figure1.
2. Measure the dc voltage at the inverting and non-inverting terminals of the op-amp.
3. Calculate the input bias current with the formula given.  
4. Calculate the difference between the bias currents to know the offset current.

I1 = V1/ 220k

V2 I2 = V2/ 220k

V1

Figure1.
Input bias current and offset current Measurement
 MINIMIZING OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
DUE TO
INPUT BIAS CURRENT AND INPUT OFFSET CURRENT
 Factors affecting parameters of Op-amp

Supply Frequency Temperature

Voltage
1. Voltage gain 1. Input offset current
1. Voltage gain
2. Input resistance 2. Input offset voltage
2. Output Voltage
swing 3. Output resistance 3. Input bias current

4. CMRR 4. Power consumption

3. Input voltage range
4. Power consumption 5. Input noise voltage 5. Gain-Bandwidth
product
5. Input offset current 6. Input noise current
6. Slew rate
7. Input resistance
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. A non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 2000 having an input offset
voltage of ± 2.5 mV. Find the output when the input is 0.01 sin ωt Volts.

Solution
2. For an inverting amplifier circuit, Determine the maximum possible output
offset voltage due to i) Input offset voltage Vio, ii) Input bias current VoiB.
Consider LM741 OpAmp with Rf = 47kΩ and R1 = 470Ω. (b) What value of ROM
is needed to reduce the effect of input bias and offset current?
Solution
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. list the ideal parameters of an op amp and also write its values for 741 op amp.
2. Define slew rate, input bias current, input offset voltage, CMRR , Gain Bandwidth product,
output offset voltage, input offset current, open loop gain, closed loop gain.