1.
COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION
Author : Pham Ngoc Ha – FU HL- SE
Date : Aug-2021
Content
1.1 Turing model
1.2 Von Neumann model
1.3 Computer generations
1.4 Subsystems and the role of subsystems
1.5 Central Processing Unit
1.6 Memory: main memory and cache memory
1.7 Input/Output subsystems
1.8 Different architectures
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:
Define the Turing model of a computer.
Define the von Neumann model of a computer.
Describe the three components of a computer: hardware, data, and software.
List topics related to computer hardware.
List topics related to data.
List topics related to software.
Give a short history of computers.
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1-TURING MODEL
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1. Introduction
The idea of a universal computational
device was first described by Alan Turing in
1937.
All computation could be performed by a
special kind of a machine, now called a
Turing machine.
The model on the actions that people
perform when involved in computation.
Actions into a model for a computational
machine that has really changed the world.
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2. Data processors
A computer acts as a black box that accepts input data, processes the data, and
creates output data (Figure 1.1).
This model could represent a specific-purpose computer (or processor) that is
designed to do a single job, such as controlling the temperature of a building or
controlling the fuel usage in a car.
However, computers, as the term is used today, are general-purpose machines.
They can do many different types of tasks
Figure -1.1 A single-purpose computing machine
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3. Programmable data processors
An extra element is added to the specific computing machine: the program.
A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do with data.
The output data depends on the combination of two factors: the input data and the program.
With the same input data, we can generate different output if we change the program.
Similarly, with the same program, we can generate different outputs if we change the input
data.
Figure -1.2 : A computer based on the Turing model: programmable data processor 7
3. Programmable data processors
Figure 1.3 A computer based on the Turing model: programmable data processor
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4. The universal Turing machine
A universal Turing machine, a machine that can
do any computation if the appropriate program
is provided, was the first description of a modern
computer.
It can be proved that a very powerful computer
and a universal Turing machine can compute the Figure - 1.3 Programmed
Data Processor (PDP-1)
same thing
A universal Turing machine is capable of
computing anything that is computable.
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2-VON NEUMANN MODEL
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1. Introduction
The modern microcomputer has roots
going back to USA in the 1940’s.
Of the many researchers, the Hungarian-
born mathematician, John von Neumann
(1903-57), is worthy of special mention.
Figure - 1.4. John von Neumann
He developed a very basic model for (1903-57). Progenitor of the
modern, electronic PC.
computers which we are still using today.
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2. Von Neumann Model Subsystems
Von Neumann model is divided into 4 subsystems :
Memory is the storage area. This is where programs and data are stored during processing
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is where calculation and logical operations take place
Control unit controls the operations of the memory, ALU, and the input/output
The input subsystem accepts input data and the program from outside the computer, while
the output subsystem sends the result of processing to the outside world.
Figure 1.5 The Von Neumann model Subsystems
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3. The stored program concept
The von Neumann model states that the
program must be stored in memory.
This is totally different from the architecture
of early computers in which only the data
was stored in memory: the programs for their
task were implemented by manipulating a
set of switches or by changing the wiring
system.
The memory of modern computers hosts
both a program and its corresponding data
Figure 1.6 The Manchester Mark I, the first
stored-program digital computer, 1949.
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4. Sequential execution of instructions
A program is made of a finite number of
instructions. In this model, the control unit
fetches one instruction from memory, decodes
it, then executes it.
One instruction may request the control unit to
jump to some previous or following instruction,
but this does not mean that the instructions are
not executed sequentially. Figure 1.7 Fetches Execute cycle
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History of Computers
Figure 1.7 History of Computers
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3 - COMPUTER GENERATIONS
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1. Overview
Figure 1.8 Generation of Computers
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History
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYW1HvgEpLk&ab_channel
=PhiH%C3%B9ngHu%E1%BB%B3nh
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2. First Generation (1945-1956)
First Generation Computers were working
during the 1940-1956 with proper
maintenance of Vacuum Tubes on those
computers. Vacuum Tubes most useful to
process the data in memory.
First generation computers use more
power from electricity and that produce
high heat.
Those devices vulnerable to the attacks
and get malfunctions.
Figure 1.9 First Generation Computers
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3. Second Generation Computers (1959-1965)
Second-generation computers (roughly
1959–1965) used transistors instead of
vacuum tubes. This reduced the size of
computers, as well as their cost, and made
them affordable to small and medium-size
corporations.
Two high-level programming languages,
FORTRAN and COBOL (see Chapter 9), were
invented and made programming easier.
Figure 1.10 Second Generation Computers
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4. Third Generation Computers (1965-1975)
The invention of the integrated circuit
(transistors, wiring, and other
components on a single chip) reduced
the cost and size of computers even
further.
Minicomputers appeared on the market.
Canned programs, popularly known as
software packages, became available.
A small corporation could buy a
package, for example for accounting,
instead of writing its own program.
Figure 1.11 Third Generation Computers
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5. The fourth generation (1975–1985)
The fourth generation (approximately 1975–
1985) saw the appearance of
microcomputers.
The first desktop calculator, the Altair 8800,
became available in 1975.
Advances in the electronics industry allowed
whole computer subsystems to fit on a single
circuit board.
Figure 1.12 The fourth Generation Computers
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6. Fifth generation (Present and Beyond)
Fifth Generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
The ability to translate a foreign language is also moderately possible with fifth generation
computers.
The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
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Figure 1.13 The Fith Generation Computers
Question???
1. What is the importance of computer organization??
2. How does the von Neumann model work?
3. What are the advantages of 5th generation computers?
What do you think the next generation?
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Question???
1. The _______ model is the basis for today’s
computers.
a. Leibnitz
b. von Neumann
c. Pascal
d. Charles Babbage
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Question???
2. In a computer, the _______ subsystem performs
calculations and logical operations.
a. ALU
b. input/output
c. memory
d. control unit
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Question???
3. According to the von Neumann model, _______ are
stored in memory.
a. only data
b. only programs
c. data and programs
d. neither data nor programs
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Question???
4._______ is a set of instructions in a computer language
that tells the computer what to do with data.
a. An operating system
b. An algorithm
c. A data processor
d. A program
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Question???
5._______ is the design and writing of a program in
structured form.
a. Software engineering
b. Hardware engineering
c. Algorithm development
d. Instructional architecture
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