DC-DC Switch-Mode Converter
» INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
» Lecture # 03 & 04
» Engr. M. Usman Gul
» Department of Technology
» THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters
• The dc-dc converters are widely used in regulated
switch-mode power supplies and in dc motor drive
applications.
DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters
• As shown in figure, often the input to these
converters is an unregulated dc voltage,
which is obtain by rectifying the line voltage,
and therefore it will fluctuate due to changes
in the line-voltage magnitude. Switch-mode
dc-to-dc converters are used to convert the
unregulated dc input into a controlled dc out
put at a desired voltage level.
Types of dc-dc Converters
Step-down (Buck) Converter
Step-up (Boost) Converter
• Step-down/step-up (Buck-Boost) Converter
• Cuk Converter
• Full-bridge converter
• Of these five converters, only the step-down
and the step-up are the basic converter
topologies.
• Both the buck-boost and Cuk converters are
combinations of the two basic topologies.
• The full-bridge converter is derived from
the step-down converter.
• In this lecture, the switches are treated as
being ideal, and the losses in the inductive
and the capacitive elements are neglected.
Control of dc-dc Converters
• In dc-dc converters, the average dc output
voltage must be controlled to equal a desired
level, through the input voltage and the
output load may fluctuate.
• In dc-dc converters with a given input
voltage, the average output voltage is
controlled by controlling the switch on and
off durations (ton and toff).
Control of dc-dc Converters
• One of the methods for controlling the output voltage employs
switching at constant frequency (hence, a constant switching time
period Ts = Ton + Toff) and adjusting the on duration of the switch to
control the average output voltage. This method known as PWM
switching, the switching duty ratio D, which is defined as the ratio
of the on duration to the switching time period, is varied.
Control of dc-dc Converters
• The other method is more general, where both the
switching frequency (and hence the time period)
and the on duration of the switching frequency are
varied.
• This method is used only in dc-dc converters
utilizing force-commutated thyristors.
• Variation in the switching frequency makes it
difficult to filter the ripple components in the
input and the output waveforms of the converter.
Control of dc-dc Converters
• In PWM switching at a constant frequency,
the switch control signal, which controls the
state (on & off) of the switch, is generated
by comparing a signal-level control voltage
Vcontrol with a repetitive waveform.
Control of dc-dc Converters
Control of dc-dc Converters
• The control voltage signal generally
obtained by amplifying the error, or the
difference b/t the actual output voltage and
its desired value.
• This frequency is kept constant in a PWM
control and is chosen to be in a few
kilohertz to a few hundred kilohertz range.
Control of dc-dc Converters
• The switch duty ratio can be expressed as
(Eq. 1)
• The dc-dc converter can have two distinct modes of operation
1. Continuous current conduction
2. Discontinuous current conduction
• A converter may operate in both modes, which have sufficiently
different characteristics. Therefore, a converter and its control
should be designed based on both modes of operation.
STEP-DOWN (BUCK) CONVERTER
• As the name implies, a step-down converter
produces a lower average output voltage
than the dc input voltage Vd.
• Its main application is in regulated dc
power supplies and dc motor speed control.
STEP-DOWN (BUCK) CONVERTER
STEP-DOWN (BUCK) CONVERTER
• Assuming an ideal switch, a constant
instantaneous input voltage Vd, and a purely
resistive load, the instantaneous output
voltage waveform as shown in previous
slide.
STEP-DOWN (BUCK) CONVERTER
• The average output voltage can be
calculated in terms of the switch position.
(Eq. 2)
• During the interval when the switch is on, the
diode (as shown in previous figure) becomes
reverse biased and the input provides energy
to the load as well as to the inductor.
• During the interval when the switch off, the
inductor current flows through the diode,
transferring some of its stored energy to the
load.
Continuous-Conduction Mode
• As shown waveform on next slide for the continuous-
conduction mode of operation where the inductor current
flows continuously.
• When the switch is on for a time duration ton, the switch
conducts the inductor current and the diode becomes
reverse biased.
• So VL = Vd - Vo
• When the switch is turned off, because of the inductive
energy storage, iL continuous to flow.
• This current now flows through the diode, and VL = -Vo
• Since in steady-state operation the waveform
must repeat from one time period to the next,
the integral of the inductor voltage VL over
one time period must be zero.
• As area A and B must be equal so,
(Eq. 3)
• The foregoing equation can also be derived by
simply averaging the voltage Voi and recognizing that
the average voltage across the inductor in steady
state operation is zero.
• Neglecting power losses associated with all the
circuit element, the input power Pd equals the output
power Po.
(Eq. 4)
• Therefore, in the continuous-conduction
mode, the step down converter is equivalent
to a dc transformer
• where the turns ratio of this equivalent
transformer can be continuously controlled
electronically in a range of 0 – 1 by
controlling the duty ratio of the switch.
Boundary b/t continuous & dis-
continuous conduction
• In this section, we will develop equations
that show the influence of various circuit
parameter on the conduction mode of the
inductor current (continuous or
discontinuous).
Boundary b/t continuous & dis-
continuous conduction
(Eq.5)
ton
IL.Peak = ½ * 1/L o∫ VL dt = 1/2L(Vd-Vo)ton = ton/2L(Vd-Vo)
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
• Depending on application of these
converter, either input voltage Vd or output
voltage Vo remain constant during the
converter operation.
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• In an application such as a dc motor speed
control, Vd remain essentially constant and
Vo is controlled by adjusting the converter
duty ratio D.
• Since Vo = DVd, the average inductor
current at the edge of continuous-
conduction mode from equation 5.
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• ILB = TsD(Vd-Vo)/2L
• = TsD(Vd-VdD)/2L
Eq. 6
• Using this Equation, plot of ILB as a function
of the duty ratio D, Keeping Vd and all
other parameters constant.
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
Eq. 7
• It shows that the output current required for a
continuous-conduction mode is maximum at
D=0.5
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• From Eq.6 & 7
Eq. 8
• Next the voltage ratio Vo/Vd will be calculated in the
discontinuous mode.
• Let us assume that initially the converter is operating at the
edge of continuous conduction, for given values of T,L,Vd and
D.
• If these parameter are kept constant and the output load power
is decreased, then the average inductor current will decrease.
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• During the interval Δ2Ts where the inductor current is zero, the
power to the load resistance is supplied by the filter capacitor
alone.
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• The inductor voltage VL during this interval is
zero.
• Again, equating the interval of the inductor
voltage over one time period to zero yields.
Eq. 9
Eq. 10
• Where D+Δ1 < 1.0. from previous figure
Eq. 11
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• VL = L diLP/dt
• ILP = 1/L 0∫t VL dt
on
• ILP = 1/L 0∫t Vd - Vo dt
on
• ILP = (Vd - Vo )ton / L
• ILP = (Vd - Vo )DTs / L
• ILP = (1/L)DTs [Vo(D+Δ1)/D - Vo]
• IL-Peak = VoTsΔ1/L
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• Therefore,
• Io = (1/2) ILPDTs + (1/2) ILPΔ1Ts
• Io = (1/2) ILPDTs(D+Δ1)
Eq. 12
Using Eq. 11
Using Eq. 10
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
Using Eq. 7
Eq. 16
• From Eq. 10 & 16
Eq. 17
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• Figure shows the step-down converter
characteristic in both mode of operation.
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vd
• The voltage ratio (Vo/Vd) is plot as a
function of Io/ILB.max for various values of
duty ratio using eq. 3 & 7.
• The boundary between the continuous and
the discontinuous mode, shown by dashed
curve, is established by eq. 3 & 8.
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
with Constant Vo
• In application such as regulated dc power
supplies, Vd may fluctuate but Vo is kept
constant by adjusting the duty ratio D.
• Since Vd = Vo D, the average inductor
current at the edge of the continuous-
conduction mode Eq. 5 is
ILB = DTs/2L (Vd-Vo)
ILB = Ts/2L (DVd – DVo)
ILB = Ts/2L (Vo-DVo)
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vo
Eq. 18
• Above eq shows that if Vo is kept constant,
the maximum value of ILB occurs at D=0.
Eq. 19
• From Eq. 18 & 19
Eq. 20
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode with Constant Vo
• For the converter operation where Vo is kept
constant, it will be useful to obtain the
required duty ratio D as a function of
Io/ILBmax.
• Using Eq. 10 & 13 ( which are valid in the
discontinuous-conduction mode whether Vo
or Vd kept constant) along with Eq. 19 for
the case where Vo is kept constant yields
Eq. 21
