School of Basic and Applied Sciences
Subject Name: NUMERICAL METHODS Subject Code: MATH2300
CAT-3 Presentation
APPLCAITION OF ERROR APPROXIMATION
Program Name: NUMERICAL METHOD
Section: 3
Student Name:
Yash Malhotra(20SCSE1010205)
Yash Dutta(20SCSE1010231)
Vishal Tyagi (20scse1010240)
Submitted to
Ms. Vanita Garg
School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University
INTRODUCTION
ERRORS:-
When we take an approximate value to any number the error will be present in that number. Therefore error is the
difference of true value and approximate value
• If A is a quantity we want to compute and Ah is an approximation to that quantity, then the error is the difference
between the two:
error = A — Ah;
• The absolute error is simply the absolute value of the error:
absolute error =|A — Ah|;
• The relative error normalizes by the absolute value of the exact value:
Relative error=|A-Ah|/|A|;
TYPES OF ERROR
Rounding Off:-
The round-off error is used because representing every number as a real number isn't possible. So rounding is
introduced to adjust for this situation. A round-off error represents the numerical amount between what a figure
actually is versus its closest real number value, depending on how the round is applied
Truncation Error:-
A truncation error occurs when approximation is involved in numerical analysis. The error factor is related to how
much the approximate value is at variance from the actual value in a formula or math result. For example, take the
formula of 3 x 3 + 4. The calculation equals 28. Now, break it down and the root is close to 1.99. The truncation error
value is therefore equal to 0.01.
Inherent Errors / Input Errors:-
Errors that are present in the data that are input to the model are inherent errors. They are also called input errors.
They are classified into two – Data Errors and Conversion Errors.
Chopping:-
In chopping error, digits that are beyond the storage capacity of the computer are dropped. If the word length of the
computer is 4 digits, then a number like 10.6872 will be stored as 10.68. Digits 7 and 2 will be dropped.
Rules for Determining Significant Digits
The following rules can be used to determine the number of significant digits in a number x’s representation. We
assume x ≥ 0.
• Non-zero digits are always significant
• Any zeros between two significant digits are significant
• A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant
Example: .500 or .632000 the zeros are significant
.006 or .000968 the zeros are NOT significant
For addition and subtraction use the following rules:
• Count the number of significant figures in the decimal portion ONLY of each number in the problem
• Add or subtract in the normal fashion
• Your final answer may have no more significant figures to the right of the decimal than the LEAST number of
significant figures in any number in the problem.
ROUNDING OFF NUMBER:-
The process of dropping unwanted digits is called rounding off a number. We can round off number either by
chopping (truncate a number) or by symmetric rounding
Rules to round off a number up to n significant digit:
1. Discard all the digits to the right of the nth digit
2. If discarded number is less than 5 in the (n+1)th place leave the number (nt digit unchanged)
3. If discarded number is greater than 5 in the (n+1)th place increase the nth digit by unity.
Example
7.093 to 3 S.D => 7.89
35.67 to 3 S.D =>3.57
0.6436 to 3 S.D => 0.6400
Example:
Round off the number 865250 and 37.46235 to 4 S.D and find absolute(Ea), Relative error (Er).
Sol given- 865250(true value)
approximate value= 86200
Ea=|true value-approx. value|
Ea=|865250-86500|
= 50
Er=Ea/True value
Er=50/865250= 5.7786 x 10^-5
APPLICATION OF ERRORS TO THE FUNDAMENTAL OPERATION OF ARITHMATIC:-
1. ADDITION:-
let Xt be the true value of a number and Xa be the approx. value of the number.
Error in number=True value-Approximate value
ex=Xt-Xa
Xt=XA+ex ---- EQ(1)
Now consider addition of 2 number say x and y
Xt+Yt=Xa+ex+Ya+ey ---- using EQ(1)
=(xa+ya)+(ex+ey)
=>Total error in sum => ex+y=ex+ey
2. NOW, for subtraction:-
xt-yt=xa+ex-ya-ey
=(xa-ya)+(ex-ey)
Total error in Subtraction = ex-ey=ex-y
since we do not normally know the sign of error the we can only find the bound of error :
|ex±y|<=|ex| ± |ey|
3. MULTIPLCATION
xt* xt=(xa+ex) *(ya+ey)
= xa ya + ya ex+ xa ey + (ex ey) ----- ex ey is very small quantity so we can neglect it
= xa ya + ya ex + xa ey
= xa ya + xa ya+(ex/xa + ey/ya)
Total error= xa ya(ex/xa+ ey/ya)
Absolute Error in multiplication :-
|exy|<= |xa ya| (ex/xa+ ey/ya)
4. Absolute error in division
Total error ex/y= xa/ya (ex/xa – ey/ya)
|ex/y|= | xa /ya| (|ex/xa| + |ey/ya|)
School of Basic and Applied Sciences
Thank You…..
