Numerical Methods
MA-200
Lecture-02
Atif Asgher
Air University, Islamabad
12th February 2024
Course Breakdown
Course Breakdown
Numerical Methods
Introduction:
WHY??????
Why Numerical Methods
Most of the mathematical problems can be solved by analytical methods which
gives us true solution
But, sometimes it is rather difficult to solve a mathematical problem by analytical
methods. For example
i. ii.
iv.
Many such examples can be quoted for which solutions by analytical methods are either
impossible or so complex .
Why Numerical Methods
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =0 Ax=0 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=0
Interpolation
X Y
1 5
2 18 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3 35
4 56
5 ?
6 98
Introduction
• In this situation the numerical methods help us to find the
approximate solutions of given problems.
• In numerical analysis we study the methods by which we find
an approximate solution to the true or exact solution.
Thus we have an error in the numerical computation
Error
An error in a numerical computation is the difference between
the actual value of a quantity and its computed(approximated)
value of is the actual value and is the computed value then
Example:
Diversion from
the exact value
Types of Error
• Absolute Error
• Relative Error
• Percentage Error
Absolute Error
If is the true(actual) value of a quantity and is its computed value
the absolute error is defined as
Or
Relative Error
Let be the true value of a quantity and is the computed value then relative error is
defined as
,
Percentage Error:
is defined as
Error
Only looking at
absolute error
you cannot
decide
Sources of Error
• Gross error.
• Rounding error/Chopping error.
• Truncation error.
Gross Error
These errors are not directly concerned with the numerical methods
or computations. The gross error are either caused by human error
by human mistakes.
• Misreading or misquoting the figures, particularly in the
interchanges of adjacent digits.
• Use of inaccurate mathematical formula(algorithm) to solve a
particular problem.
• Use of inaccurate data.
Writing 34549
instead of 35449
Rounding Error or Round off Error
The round off error originate from the fact that computers retain only a
fixed no.of significant figures during calculation. Numbers such as cannot
be expressed by a fixed no.of significant figures. Therefore, they cannot be
represented exactly by the computer. In addition, because computers use
base representation, they cannot precisely represent certain exact base
numbers. This discrepancy introduced by this omission of significant figures
is called round off errors.
Chopping
Simply chop off the remaining
digits e.g.
Truncation Error
When we replace infinite series by a series with finite number of
terms. Then the error arising from this approximation is called the
truncation error e.g. If we consider the Taylor’s expansion
Non-Linear Equations
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =0
Algebraic Non-linear Transcendental
equation Non-linear equation
5 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +6 𝑥+1=0 ln ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑒 𝑥 )= 0
Solution of Non-Linear Equations
1. Bisection Method.
2. Newton Raphson Method.
3. Secant Method.
4. Regular Falsi Method(False position method).
5. Fixed point Method.
Root Bracketing(Locating Roots)
If is continuous on and and have opposite sign then has at least one
root in
OR
Let and then there is at least one root between and
Calculator!!!!!
Must be in RADIAN
Root Bracketing(Locating Roots)
Show that has a solution in the interval
Root Bracketing(Locating Roots)
Question: Bracket the root of the following equation.
Question: Find intervals containing solutions to the following equation.
