What is Soft Computing?
Soft computing is an emerging approach to
computing which parallel the remarkable ability of
the human mind to reason and learn in a
environment of uncertainty and imprecision.
Some of it’s principle components includes:
Neural Network(NN)
Fuzzy Logic(FL)
Genetic Algorithm(GA)
These methodologies form the core of soft computing.
GOALS OF SOFT COMPUTING
The main goal of soft computing is to develop
intelligent machines to provide solutions to real
world problems, which are not modeled, or too
difficult to model mathematically.
It’s aim is to exploit the tolerance for
Approximation, Uncertainty, Imprecision, and Partial
Truth in order to achieve close resemblance with
human like decision making.
SOFT COMPUTING - DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
Soft = + Neural Fuzzy
Computing Evolutionary + Logic
Zadeh Computing Network Zadeh
1981 Rechenberg McCulloch 1965
1960 1943
Evolutionary = + Evolution + Evolutionary + Genetic
Genetic
Computing Programming Strategies programming Algorithms
Rechenberg Koza Rechenberg Fogel Holland
1960 1992 1965 1962 1970
NEURAL NETWORKS
An NN, in general, is a highly interconnected network
of a large number of processing elements called
neurons in an architecture inspired by the brain.
NN Characteristics are:-
Mapping Capabilities / Pattern Association
Generalisation
Robustness
Fault Tolerance
Parallel and High speed information processing
Neuron
Biological neuron
Model of a neuron
6
ANN ARCHITECTURES
X y X z1
1 1 1
y
1
X2 y2
X2
z2
y2
X3 y3
X3 z3
Input Layer Output Layer Input Layer Hidden Layer Output
1.Single Layer Feedforward Network Layer
2.Multilayer Feedforward Network
Xi - Input Neuron
X z1
1
y
1
X2 z2 Yi - Hidden /Output
y2
z3
X3
Neuron Zi - Output
Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer
3.Recurrent Networks
LEARNING METHODS OF ANN
NN Learning
algorithms
Supervised Unsupervised Reinforce
Learning Learning d
Learning
Error
Correction Stochastic Hebbian Competitive
Least Mean
Square Backpropagation
FUZZY LOGIC
Fuzzy set theory proposed in 1965 by A. Zadeh is
a generalization of classical set theory.
In classical set theory, an element either belong to or
does not belong to a set and hence, such set are
termed as crisp set. But in fuzzy set, many degrees
of membership (between o/1) are allowed
FUZZY VERSES CRISP
FUZZY CRISP
IS R AM HONEST ?
IS WATER COLORLESS ?
Extremely
YES!(1)
Honest(1)
Very
FUZZY Honest(0.8) CRISP
Honest at
NO!(0)
Times(0.4)
Extremely
Dishonest(0)
OPERTIONS
CRISP FUZZY
1.Union 1.Union
2.Intersection 2.Intersection
3.Complement 3.Complement
4.Difference 4.Equality
5.Difference
6.Disjunctive Sum
PROPERTIES
CRISP FUZZY
Commutativity Commutativity
Associativity Associativity
Distributivity Distributivity
Idempotence Idempotence
Identity Identity
Law Of Absorption Law Of
Transitivity Absorption
Transitivity
Involution
Involution
De Morgan’s Law
De Morgan’s Law
Law Of the Excluded
Middle
Law Of Contradiction
GENETIC ALGORITHM
Genetic Algorithms initiated and developed in the early
1970’s by John Holland are unorthodox search and
optimization algorithms, which mimic some of the
process of natural evolution. Gas perform directed
random search through a given set of alternative
with the aim of finding the best alternative with
respect tp the given criteria of goodness. These
criteria are required to be expressed in terms ofan
object function which is usually referred to as a
fitness function.
BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
All living organism consist of cell. In each cell, there is a
set of chromosomes which are strings of DNA and
serves as a model of the organism. A chromosomes
consist of genes of blocks of DNA. Each gene encodes a
particular pattern. Basically, it can be said that each
gene encodes a traits.
A
Fig. Genome A
G
G C
consisting T
Of chromosomes. A
G A
T C T C
ENCODING
There are many ways of representing individual
genes.
Binary Encoding
Octal Encoding
Hexadecimal Encoding
Permutation Encoding
Value Encoding
Tree Encoding
BENEFITS OF GENETIC ALGORITHM
Easy to understand.
We always get an answer and the answer gets
better with time.
Good for noisy environment.
Flexible in forming building blocks for
hybrid application.
Has substantial history and range of use.
Supports multi-objective optimization.
Modular, separate from application.
APPLICATION OF SOFT COMPUTING
Consumer appliance like
AC, Refrigerators, Heaters, Washing machine.
Robotics like Emotional Pet robots.
Food preparation appliances like Rice cookers
and Microwave.
Game playing like Poker, checker etc.
FUTURE SCOPE
Soft Computing can be extended to include
bio- informatics aspects.
Fuzzy system can be applied to the construction
of more advanced intelligent industrial systems.
Soft computing is very effective when it’s applied
to real world problems that are not able to solved
by traditional hard computing.
Soft computing enables industrial to be innovative
due to the characteristics of soft computing:
tractability, low cost and high machine
intelligent quotient.
REFERENCES
Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithms Synthesis
and Application by S. Rajasekaran and G.A. Vijayalakshmi Patel
L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy logic, neural networks and soft computing,” in
Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop Neuro Fuzzy Control, Muroran, Japan,
1993.
T. Nitta, “Application of neural networks to home appliances,” in
Proc. IEEE Int. Joint Conf. Neural Networks, Nagoya, Japan, 1993.
P.J. Werbos, “Neuro-control and elastic fuzzy logic:
Capabilities, concepts and application,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol.
40. 1993.
Y. Dote and R.G. Hoft, Intelligent Control-Power Electronics Systems.
Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998.
L. A. Zadeh, “From computing with numbers to computing
with words-From manipulation of measurements to
manipulation of perception,” IEEE Trans. Circuit Syst., Vol. 45,
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