INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTERS
G. Suresh
Personal Computer(PC)
• DESKTOP PC
- STATIONARY
• LAPTOP PC (NOTEBOOK PC)
- MOBILITY
DESKTOP PC - External View
LAPTOP PC
POPULAR BRANDS:
LENOVA (IBM), HP-COMPAQ, SONY, TOSHIBA
ACER
COMPUTER
Welcome
derived from the word “COMPUTE”
- to calculate
device used for
calculation/computation
an Electronic Data Processing (EDP)
Machine
COMPUTER - TYPES (Contd…)
MICRO COMPUTER
PC, PC/XT, PC/AT-286,386,486,
PENTIUM, PENTIUM PRO,
PENTIUM MMX, CELERON,
PENTIUM II / III / IV
CORE2 DUO / CORE I3 /I5/I7
( 10 Mhz to 3300 Mhz )
BRANCHES OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
e.g.,- PROCESSOR,I/O,STORAGE DEVICES
SOFTWARE
PROGRAMS & DATA STORED IN COMPUTER
USER MANUALS
PROCESSOR – BRAIN OF PC
INTEL CORE2 DUO / PENTIUM 4 PROCESSORS - DESKTOP
Processor LOGO
Processor Image
PROCESSOR – BRAIN OF PC
INTEL PENTIUM M PROCESSORS - LAPTOP
Processor LOGO
Package
Processor Image
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
PROCESSING UNIT
MEMORY
INPUT CONTROL OUTPUT
PERIPHERALS Data signals flow
ALU Control signals flow
CPU = CONTROL+ALU
ALU = Arithmetic & Logic Unit
ROLE OF I/O DEVICES IN
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Input data from
external world Input devices CPU and Output
Memory devices
Input data Processed data
Coded in internal form in internal form
Results of
Processing in
Human acceptable
form
INPUT DEVICES - PERIPHERALS
- KEYBOARD DEVICES
- POINT-AND-DRAW DEVICES
- DATA SCANNING DEVICES
- ELECTRONIC CARD BASED DEVICE
- VOICE RECOGNITION DEVICE
- VISION BASED DEVICE
- DIGITIZER
INPUT DEVICES - EXAMPLES
-KEYBOARD (QWERTY) - CUI bases
- 104 Keys- 101 Keys with 3 Windows Keys
110Keys – Internet Keyboard
-MOUSE, ELECTRONIC PEN (used in Tablet PC)
(Point and Draw) - GUI based
- ELECTRONIC CARD READER (ATM Card)
-TRACKBALL, JOYSTICK(Pointing)
-TOUCH SCREEN – Simple, intuitive- used in
‘Information Kiosks’, ATMs,Railway Reservation
enquiry, Insurance Policies enquiry
INPUT DEVICES - EXAMPLES
(Contd..)
-IMAGE SCANNER – FLAT BED, HANDHELD,
OCR, OMR, MICR, BAR CODE
(DATA SCANNING DEVICES)
- DIGITAL CAMERA / WEBCAM / MOBILE
( VISION INPUT SYSTEMS)
- MICROPHONE (VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS)
- DIGITIZER – CONVERTS PICTURES, MAPS AND
DRAWINGS INTO DIGITAL FORM FOR STORAGE
IN COMPUTERS - CAD, GIS APPLICATIONS
OUTPUT DEVICES - PERIPHERALS
-PRINTER
DOT MATRIX PRINTER(DMP)
INKJET PRINTER
LASERJET PRINTER
- PLOTTER
- SPEAKERS
PERIPHERALS
SCANNER
DIGITAL CAMERA
WEBCAM(ERA)
(ALSO AVAILABLE WITH
IN-BULIT MICROPHONE)
PERIPHERALS
LASER PRINTER
(Toner – ppm
HP, Lexmark, Samsung )
INKJET PRINTER
(Magnetic Ink – dpi
HP, Canon, Lexmark, Samsung)
DOT MATRIX PRINTER
(Inked Ribbon – cps, 132 Col.
TVSE, WIRPO)
MEMORY - STORAGE UNIT OF
COMPUTER
PRIMARY MEMORY / MAIN MEMORY
RAM - RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
PC’s Min. Requirement 256 MB
TEMPORARY - VOLATILE
ROM - READ ONLY MEMORY
Contains system startup instructions
PERMANENT – NON-VOLATILE
MEMORY - STORAGE UNIT OF COMPUTER
YPES OF ROM
Manufacturer-Programmed ROM
Data is burnt by the Manufacturer and user
cannot modify it. E.g., BIOS in PCs
User-Programmed ROM(For R & D Experiments)
User can load and store “read-only” programs
and data.
PROM – PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY
EPROM – ERASABLE PROM – TWO TYPEs
- UVEPROM – ULTRAVIOLET EPROM
- EEPROM – ELECTRICALLY EPROM
(FLASH MEMORY)
CPU & MEMORY ARCHITECTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
ROM PROM FLASH
Main Memory (RAM)
I/O
Cache Memory
D
E
Accumulator Reg
Decoder
V
PCR GPR I
GPR
C
IR
E
MAR S
MBR
I/o Regr
GPR
Control ALU GPR
Unit
Central Processing Unit
FUNCTIONS OF REGISTERS
Sl.No Name of Register Function
1 Memory Address Holds the address of the active memory location
(MAR)
2 Memory Buffer Holds information on its way and from memory
(MBR)
3 Program Control Holds the address of the next instruction to be
(PC) executed
4 Accumulator (A) Accumulates results and data to be operated upon
5 Instruction (I) Holds an instruction, while it is being executed
6 Input/Ouput (I/O) Communicates with the I/O devices
MEMORY - STORAGE UNIT OF
COMPUTER
SECONDARY MEMORY
HARD DISK (internal unit)
FLOPPY DISK
CD(Compact DISK )
(CD-ROM, CD-R,CD-RW)
DVD(Digital Video/Versatile DISK )
(DVD-ROM, DVD-R,DVD-RW)
PEN DRIVE
(256MB/ 512 MB/ 1GB / 2GB)
DATA REPRESENTATION
IN COMPUTERS
Bit - Binary Digit - 0/1
BYTE - 1 Character / group of 8 bits
e.g., A - > 65 -> 01000001
(Alphabet A -> ASCII-> Binary)
TVM - 3 characters - 3 BYTES
KB - Kilo Byte - 1024 bytes
(103 or 210)
DATA REPRESENTATION
IN COMPUTERS (Contd..)
MB - Mega Byte - 1024 KB
- 1024 x 1024 bytes
- 10,48,576 bytes
- ~ 1 million bytes
GB - Giga Byte - 1024 MB
- 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
- ~ 1 billion bytes
TB - Tera Byte - 1024 GB
SOFTWARE - TYPES
a) System Software
Software which ‘runs’ the computer
Software written for computer operations
e.g., OS, Device Drivers for Printer,
Mouse, Scanner
b) Application Software
Software written for users’ Application
areas. E.g., Payroll, Accounts, Inventory
OS (Operating System )
Client based OS
e.,g MS-Windows 98
MS-Windows XP (eXPerience)
Professional / Home
MS- Windows 2000 Professional,
LINUX , MS-Windows Media Center Edition,
MS-WINDOWS VISTA
Server based OS
e.g, MS-Windows 2000 Server
MS- Windows Server 2003
UNIX, LINUX, Novell NetWare
OS – OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System is an integrated
set of programs that controls the
resources (the CPU, memory,
I/O devices etc.,) of a computer system
and provides its users with an interface
or virtual machine that is more
convenient to use than the bare machine.
OS – PRIMARY OBJECTIVES
1. MAKING A COMPUTER SYSTEM
CONVENIENT TO USE
OS hides the Users
Details of h/w
Hardare and
And provide Other System software and
Convenient Application programs
Interface to OS
users
Hardware
Logical
architecture of a
computer system
C) Developmental Software -
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
-
Visual Basic (VB)
Visual C++ (VC++)
Oracle / MS-SQL Server / MS-Access / Foxpro /VFP
Java
D) Packaged Software
READY TO USE SOFTWARE
e.,g., MS-OFFICE 97/2000/XP/2003
STAROFFICE
(OFFICE SUITE SOFTWARE )
INTERNET EXPLORER, NETSCAPE
COMMUNICATOR
(INTERNET BROWSER SOFTWARE )
USED FOR DOWNLOADING DOCUMENTS
FROM THE NET
TALLY – Readymade Accounting Software
MS-OFFICE 97/2000/XP/2003/2007
(Microsoft Office)
MS-Word 97/2000/XP/2003/2007
- Word Processing Software
MS-Excel 97/2000/XP/2003/2007
- Spreadsheet Software
Numerical Calculations
MS-PowerPoint 97/2000/XP/2003/2007
- Presentation Software
MS-Access 97/2000/XP/2003/2007
- Database Software
MS-Outlook 97/2000/XP/2003/2007
-Scheduling Software
PC CONFIGURATION
Motherboard - Intel /Mercury based
CPU
- Processor with Min. speed of 2.5Ghz
( INTEL / AMD )
RAM
- Main Memory - 256MB
- 256 x 10 LAKHS BYTES
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
- 80 GB (SEAGATE / SAMSUNG)
Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
- 1.44 MB (3½”) (SAMSUNG/LG)
PC - CONFIGURATION (Contd….)
MONITOR
- 15 “ SVGA COLOR (SAMSUNG / LG)
KEYBOARD
- 104 KEYS - TVSE GOLD/SAMSUNG
CD-ROM - 52X ( X = 150 KB Per sec.)
or CD-Writer or COMBO Drive (DVD and CD-RW)
or DVD-Writer (CD-RW, DVD-RW)
CREATIVE / SAMSUNG / ACER
SPEAKERS
SOUND CARD - Built in Motherboard
MODEM - 56Kbps speed - Intl/Extl
56 KiloBits Per Second or 56000 bits per second
PC - CONFIGURATION
(Contd….)
PARALLEL PORT (LPT1) - Line Print
- for Connecting Laser/Dot Matrix Printer
SERIAL PORTS (COM1, COM2)
- Communication Ports1 & 2
- for Connecting MODEM, Mouse
USB port - Universal Serial Bus port - 4nos
for connecting Inkjet Printer and Scanner
NIC - Network Interface Card -
required for Networking e.g,Ethernet Card
THANK YOU
