Operating Systems

Introduction to
Operating System (OS)

Sofia V. Arquero
 Chapter 3:
Operating System Properties and Process

Batch Processing
Multitasking
Multi-programming
Interactivity
Real Time System
Distributed Environment

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 There are many operating systems that are available
however the three most common operating systems are 
Microsoft's Windows
Apple's macOS
Linux.
Google's Android OS
iPhone Operating System (Apple iOS)

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 TASK Per Group

Choose 1 common operating system

-32 OR 64 BIT
-Advantages
-Disadvantages
-Give at least 3-5 example for 32/64 bit
OS

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 Windows is a group of several proprietary
graphical operating system families, all of which
are developed and marketed by Microsoft.

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 What is an example of MS window?
Image result for Microsoft's Windows example
You've probably heard of most of them. Some
examples include versions of Microsoft Windows
(like Windows 11, Windows 10, Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP),
Apple's macOS (formerly OS X), Chrome OS, and
various Unix and Linux distribution lists.

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 What does macOS stand for?
MacOS is the computer operating
system (OS) for Apple desktops and laptops. It
is a proprietary graphical OS that powers every
Mac.

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 What are examples of macOS?

    MacOS versions

•Mac OS X 10.0. 4 Cheetah.
•Mac OS X 10.1. 5 Puma.
•Mac OS X 10.2. 8 Jaguar.
•Mac OS X 10.3. 9 Panther.
•Mac OS X 10.4. 11 Tiger.
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•Mac OS X 10.5. 8 Leopard.
 The Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS)
is an operating system (OS) designed by
Apple Inc. to be installed and operated on
the Apple Macintosh series of computers.
Introduced in 1984, it is a graphical user
interface (GUI) based OS that has since
been released as multiple different
versions.

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 What does Google's Android OS do?
Android OS is a Linux-based mobile operating
system that primarily runs on smartphones
and tablets. The Android platform includes an
operating system based upon the Linux kernel, a
GUI, a web browser and end-user applications that
can be downloaded.

What devices use Android OS?

Popular Android devices include smartphones,
tablets and e-readers. The Android OS is also
built into a limited number of other devices, such
as netbooks, portable music players, the Binatone
10 iHome Phone and Odroid handheld game
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 Example of Linux OS

Popular Linux distributions include:

•LINUX MINT.
•MANJARO.
•DEBIAN.
•UBUNTU.
•ANTERGOS.
•SOLUS.
•FEDORA.
•ELEMENTARY OS.

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 Example of Google's Android OS

Android OS versions
•Android 1.0. Released Sept. ...
•Android 1.5 (Cupcake). Released April 27,
2009. ...
•Android 1.6 (Donut). Released Sept. ...
•Android 2.0 (Eclair). Released Oct. ...
•Android 2.2 (Froyo). Released May 20,
2010. ...
•Android 2.3 (Gingerbread). Released
Dec. ...
•Android 3.0 to 3.2 (Honeycomb). ...
•Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich).
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 iPhone Operating System (Apple iOS)

iOS (formerly iPhone OS or iPhone Operating

System[citation needed]) is a mobile operating
system created and developed by Apple
Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the
operating system that powers many of the
company's mobile devices, including
the iPhone and iPod Touch; the term also
included the versions running
on iPads until iPadOS was introduced in 2019. It
is the world's second-most widely installed
mobile operating system, after Android. It is the
basis for three other operating systems made by
Apple
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 Example: iPhone Operating System
(Apple iOS)

Apple iOS is the proprietary

operating system used on Apple
mobile devices such as the iPhone
and iPad. iOS ranks as the second-
most used mobile device operating
platform in the world, behind Android.

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 Chapter 4:
Comparing Common Operating System

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 iOS, an acronym for iPhone Operating
System, is a Unix-derived operating system
powering all of Apple's mobile devices. 3
The name iOS was not officially applied to
the software until 2008, when Apple
released the iPhone software development
kit (SDK), enabling any app makers to
create applications for the platform.

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 32-bit Processor

The 32-bit processor was the

primary processor used in all
computers until the early
1990s.
Intel Pentium processors and
early AMD processors were
32-bit, which means the
operating system and
software work with data units
that are 32 bits wide.
Windows 95, 98, and XP are
all 32-bit operating systems.

Intel Pentium processors and early

AMD processors were 32-bit, which
means the operating system and
software work with data units that are
32 bits wide. Windows 95, 98, and XP
17 are all 32-bit operating systems.
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 What is the difference between 32-bit and 64-bit CPU?

The two main categories of processors are

32-bit and 64-bit.
The type of processor a computer has not
only affects its overall performance but can
also dictate what type of software it uses.

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 computers in the 80s, 90s

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 • Note: A computer with a 32-bit processor
cannot have a 64-bit version of an
operating system installed.
• It can only have a 32-bit version of an
operating system installed.

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 • Binary is still the primary language of
computers for the following reasons:
• * It is a simple and elegant design
• * Binaries 0 and 1 method are
• quick to detect electrical signals in on or off
state
• * Positive and negative poles of magnetic

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 Binary represent by 0 and 1
• 1 - on or open
• 2- off or close
• Byte-the basic unit of information in computer
storage and processing
• a byte consists of adjacent binary digits (bits),
• Bit-each of which consists of a 0 or 1
• 8 digits is 1 bit
• 1 byte – equivalent to 8 bits
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 bits 64

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 bit Processor-64

• The 64-bit computer originated in 1961 when IBM created the IBM 7030
Stretch supercomputer. However, it was not put into use in home computers
until the early 2000s. Microsoft released a 64-bit version of Windows XP to
be used on computers with a 64-bit processor. Windows Vista, Windows 7,
and Windows 8 also come in 64-bit versions.

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 • Note: A computer with a 64-bit processor can have a 64-bit or 32-bit version
of an operating system installed. However, with a 32-bit operating system,
the 64-bit processor would not run at its full capability.
• On a computer with a 64-bit processor, you cannot run a 16-bit legacy
program.
• Many 32-bit programs work with a 64-bit processor and operating system,
but some older 32-bit programs may not function properly, or at all, due to
limited or no compatibility.

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 Difference between 32-bit and 64-bit CPU

•A big difference between 32-bit processors and 64-bit processors is the number of
calculations per second they can perform, which affects the speed at which they can
complete tasks. 64-bit processors come in dual-core, quad-core, six-core, and eight-core
versions for home computing.
•Multiple cores allow for an increased number of calculations per second that can be
performed, which increases the processing power and helps make a computer run faster.
•Software programs that require many calculations to function smoothly can operate faster
and more efficiently on the multi-core 64-bit processors, for the most part.
•Another big difference between 32-bit processors and 64-bit processors is the maximum
amount of memory (RAM) that is supported. 32-bit computers support a maximum of 4 GB
(232 bytes) of memory, whereas 64-bit CPUs can address a theoretical maximum of 18
EB (264 bytes). However, the practical limit of 64-bit CPUs (as of 2018) is 8 TB of
addressable RAM.
•High amounts of RAM are especially useful for software used in graphic design,
engineering, and video editing as these programs have to perform many calculations to
render their images.
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 • Commonly Used Operating System
• There are various types of Operating System used throughout the world and this depends
mainly on the type of operations performed. These Operating Systems are manufactured by
large multi-national companies like Microsoft, Apple etc. Let’s look at the few most commonly
used OS in the real world:
• Windows
• UNIX
• LINUX
• SOLARIS

• Windows
• Generally referred to as the Microsoft Windows, these OS are manufactured and developed
by the tech-giant Microsoft and are the most commonly used OS for personal computers and
to some extent in mobile phones or the Windows phone. Microsoft Windows is a collection of
many graphics oriented operating system, first developed and launched in 1985 by the name
Windows 1.0. When it started it had the aim to provide a graphical shell to the then famous
MS-DOS which had a character user interface, but it didn’t gained much popularity then.
Slowly with the implementation of innovative features, the OS gained popularity and soon
dominated the market of Computer Industry, owing to its freedom of use and user-friendly
environment. Let’s look at the advantages and disadvantages of using Microsoft Windows.
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 Commonly Used Operating System

• There are various types of Operating System used throughout the world and
this depends mainly on the type of operations performed.
• These Operating Systems are manufactured by large multi-national
companies like Microsoft, Apple etc. Let’s look at the few most commonly
used OS in the real world:
• Windows
• UNIX
• LINUX
• SOLARIS
• Apple

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 Windows
•Generally referred to as the Microsoft Windows, these OS are
manufactured and developed by the tech-giant Microsoft and
are the most commonly used OS for personal computers and to
some extent in mobile phones or the Windows phone.
•Microsoft Windows is a collection of many graphics-oriented
operating systems, first developed and launched in 1985 by the
name Windows 1.0

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 :Advantages

• Hardware compatibility: Almost every computer hardware manufacturing

industry supports Microsoft Windows.
• Pre-loaded and available Software: Windows comes with much user-friendly
software to make the everyday task easier and if the software is not available
then one can easily get it from the Internet and run it.

• Ease of Use: Microsoft Windows has developed by far the most user-friendly
OS in the market, keeping in mind that it serves the purpose of most types of
markets in the world. It’s the most preferred OS for personal computers.

• Game Runner: Windows supports a plethora of games manufactured to date

and comes with all the supporting base software to drive the game engine.
So its the most popular OS among game lovers.

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 :Disadvantages

• Expensive: Microsoft is a closed source OS and

the license cost is really high.

• Poor Security: Windows is much more prone to

virus and malware in comparison to other OS like
Linux or Mac in the market.

• Not reliable: Windows starts to log with time and

eventually needs booting every time and now to
get back the initial speed

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 Version of Windows

There are many versions of Windows that has

been developed since 1985, but few that
revolutionized the industry of Operating System
are:
•Windows 95
•Windows 98
•Windows NT
•Windows XP
•Windows Vista
•Windows 7
•Windows 8
•Windows 8.1
•Windows 10(Latest)
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 • According to Net Applications, that tracks
use based on web use, Windows is the
most-used operating system family for
personal computers as of July 2017 with
close to 90% usage share and rising.

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 Unix

• Developed in 1970 in the Bell Lab research

centre UNIX became a multitasking and
multiuser operating system, reaching
numerous platforms for use. It was
developed by Ken Thompson, Dennis
Ritchie, and few others and later AT&T
licensed UNIX to the development of many
variants of Unix, serving academic and
business purpose at the University of
California, Berkley Software Distribution,
IBM, Microsoft and Sun Microsystem. The
OS is totally written in C language allowing it
to serve in various platforms. It provides a
set of simple and dedicated tools to perform
a well-defined task using basic functions,
shell scripting and command languages. As
of 2014, the Unix version with the largest
installed base is Apple’s macOS.
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 Advantages:
•The OS is available on a wide variety of machines that are the most truly portable
operating system.
•It has a Very efficient virtual memory system, which allows many programs to run
simultaneously with a modest amount of physical memory and time.
•The OS was primarily built to serve the complete multitasking purpose without crashing of
data, and it served well along with the protected memory.
•Has a high-level authentication system along with a fully secured environment.

Disadvantages:
•This OS was primarily designed for programmers and techies and not for personal and
casual use.
•It is a command-driven OS with commands being supplied by the shell kernel and often
has cryptic names which that normal users find difficult to keep up with.
•To work comfortably with the UNIX system, one needs to understand the main design
features and how to command and interact with the OS.

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 Linux

• Primarily derived from the concept of Unix, Linux became the most-
prominent free and open-source OS available to everyone in the world. It is
built around the Linux kernel and served for both the desktop and server use.
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel
x86 architecture but since then it was ported to more platforms than any
other operating system. Linux has the largest installed base of all general-
purpose operating systems. It is also the leading operating system on
servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and the
only OS used on TOP500 Supercomputers. The top Linux OS are Ubuntu,
Fedora, OpenSUSE, RedHat and many more.

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 :Advantages

• The OS is open-source and available free of cost to every computer user.

There are large repositories from which anyone can freely download high
quality software for almost any task.
• Linux provides high performance for a longer time and does not require a
periodic reboot to maintain the system.
• It is one of the most secured OS and does not permit any unwanted malware
and virus into the system.
• It is designed to multitask and can perform multiple processes at the same
time, without hampering the performance of the OS.
• The OS is highly compatible and flexible to run on all modern PC’s and
network.
•  

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 :Disadvantages

• It is not as user-friendly as Windows and users need to

struggle for a few days before adapting to the behavior of OS.
• It is not meant for gamers since it does not support any high
graphics game.
• Since there are no standard editions available for Linux, it
comes with many versions, confusing the users of what to
adapt and what not.

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 Solaris

• This OS was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and is a type of Unix OS.
Solaris was developed as proprietary software.
• Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating
many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider. It is registered as
compliant with the Single UNIX Specification. As of today, Solaris is supported by
HP, Dell, Intel and Fujitsu Siemens architecture. OpenSolaris is the available open
source version of Solaris OS. Oracle Solaris 10 is latest version of Solaris OS.
• Advantages:
• It provides good and high performance.
• It provides complete protection against virus and malware.
• It is a multitasking OS and allows multiple tasks at the same time.
• Known for its good and powerful backup tools.
• Disadvantages:
• Although the OS provides a graphic interface, it is not as good as other graphical
user interfaces.
• The OS is available free of cost but the updates are not available for free, so not
completely open-source.
• The OS is not user-friendly.
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 Solaris

Advantages:
•It provides good and high performance.
•It provides complete protection against vvirusesand malware.
•It is a multitasking OS and allows multiple tasks at the same time.
•Known for its good and powerful backup tools.

Disadvantages:
•Although the OS provides a graphic interface, it is not as good as other
graphical user interfaces.
•The OS is available free of cost but the updates are not available for free, so
not completely open-source.
•The OS is not user-friendly.

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 Android Mobile Operating System

• Android is a Google’s Linux based operating system it is designed primarily

for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers.
The hardware which can be used to support android is based on three
architectures namely ARM, Intel and MIPS design lets users manipulate the
mobile devices intuitively, with finger movements that mirror common
motions, such as pinching, swiping, and tapping making these applications
comfortable for the users.

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 Android Mobile Operating System

Advantages:
•The android operating system is an open source operating system means that
it’s free and any one can use it.
•Android offers optimized 2D and 3D graphics, multimedia, GSM connectivity,
multi-tasking.
•Android OS is known for its friendly user interface and exceptional
customizable according to the user’s taste.
•Huge choice of applications for its users since Playstore offer over one million
apps.
•Software developers who want to create applications for the Android OS can
download the Android Software Development Kit(SDK) to easily develop apps
for android.
•Android would consume very little power but deliver extreme performance since
its hardware is based on ARM architecture.
• 

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 :Disadvantages

• The design and coding of intuitive modern user experiences and interfaces
poses a difficulty because of its dependency on Java.
• Most apps tend to run in the background even when closed by the user
draining the battery.
• Performance is bound to take a hit as multiple programs run simultaneously
in the background at any given time.
• Android phones overheat especially when indulged in hardcore productivity
tasks or heavy graphics.
• Apps have lower security profiles and make users more susceptible to data
breaches

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 IOS Mobile Operating System

• iOS which is short for iPhone OS is a mobile operating system created and
developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware like A12 Bionic chip that
presently powers many of its mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and
iPod. The iOS user interface is based upon using multi-touch gestures such
as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. The purpose of these finger actions
is to provide the user with fast responsive inputs given from multiple fingers
to the multi-touch captive screen display.

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 :Advantages

• It is written in C, C++, Objective-C and Swift and is based on the Macintosh

OS X.
• Has excellent and intuitive user interface and very fluid response.
• Performance of iOS is unbeatable.
• iOS comes with a lot of default apps, including an email client, web browser,
media player and the phone app.
• Availability of higher quality apps which can be downloaded from the
Appstore.
• Apple has provided its own iOS software development kit (SDK) for the
developers to create applications for Apple mobile devices.
• iOS is much safer than other mobile operating systems and has fewer
security breaches as well.
• Provides regular updates and security patches.
•  

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 :Disadvantages

• The OS is closed source instead of open source hence beta testing taking a
lot of time since its only available to limited developers.
• The amount of memory space the iOS applications occupy is very large
when compared with other mobile platforms.
• Lack of customization compared to other operating systems.
• Doesn’t allow third party installations.
• Having intense graphics and animations consumes more power and causes
battery drains.
• iOS is resource intensive operating system due to which older devices
struggle to run it.

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 Task #3
• IOS Mobile Operating System
• Android Mobile Operating System
• Solaris
• Linux
• Unix
• Windows

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 .THANK YOU

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