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Synchronous Design

The document describes synchronous circuits and components. Synchronous circuits are built from logic gates and memory cells that are driven by a clock. Each component is described as computing outputs once per clock cycle based on inputs. Basic components like AND, OR, NOT gates are described. More complex components are built from these like a synchronous latch, 1-bit and 3-bit counters, an XOR gate, 1-bit and 3-bit adders. The components operate synchronously on each clock cycle to compute outputs from inputs and stored state.

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91 views6 pages

Synchronous Design

The document describes synchronous circuits and components. Synchronous circuits are built from logic gates and memory cells that are driven by a clock. Each component is described as computing outputs once per clock cycle based on inputs. Basic components like AND, OR, NOT gates are described. More complex components are built from these like a synchronous latch, 1-bit and 3-bit counters, an XOR gate, 1-bit and 3-bit adders. The components operate synchronously on each clock cycle to compute outputs from inputs and stored state.

Uploaded by

pranav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Synchronous Design

• Synchronous circuits helps in building complex


systems
Synchronous Circuits • Built from logic gates and memory cells – driven by a
sequence of clock ticks
• Each logic gate computes a Boolean value once per
clock cycle
• Each memory cell stores a Boolean value from one
clock cycle to the next
• Three logic gates And, Not, and Or are used here
• All variables are implicitly assumed to be of type Bool

The component SynNot is same as Inverter Component


The output ‘out’ waits for the input ‘in’
The component SyncAnd takes 2 input Boolean
Variables and produces a Boolean output ‘out’
The output is set to the logical conjunction of the 2
inputs and awaits both the input variables
The component SyncOr takes 2 input Boolean
Variables and produces a Boolean output ‘out’
The local variables x, y, and z of SyncOr represent
internal wires that connect the 4 component gates
The output ‘out’ waits for the both the inputs
The component SyncOr can be equivalently described using the operations of instantiation, parallel
composition and hiding:
Sequential Circuits

• The combinational circuits are stateless


• To model sequential circuits, we need a
component that can store a value in its state
from one round to the next.

Input: 2 Bool
Output: 1 Bool
1 Boolean state – x
2 split tasks :
A1 for computing the output ‘out’
A2 for updating ‘x’
Single mode extended-state machine with
3 mode-switches
Synchronous Latch Component

The Latch component is nondeterministic and fine-state, and its output does not wait either of its input variables
Synchronous 1 Bit Binary Counter Synchronous 3 Bit Binary Counter
An Xor (Exclusive-Or) gate has two Boolean inputs in1 and in2, and a Boolean output out. The output is 1 when
exactly one of its two inputs are 1 and is 0 otherwise. Define the combinational component SyncXor to capture
this desired functionality by composing And, Or, and Not gates.
Design a 1-bit synchronous adder 1BitAdder by composing instances of And, Or, Not, and Xor gates. The component
1BitAdder has three input variables x, y, and carry-in and two output variables z and carry-out. In each round, the value
encoded by the two output bits z and carry-out, where z is the least significant bit, should equal the sum of the values of
three input variables. Then, design a 3-bit synchronous adder 3BitAdder by composing three instances of the component
1BitAdder. The component 3BitAdder has input variables x0, x1, x2, y0, y1, y2, and carry-in and has output variables z0, z1,
z2, and carry-out. In each round, the 4-bit number encoded by the output variables z0, z1, z2, and carry-out should equal
the sum of the 3-bit number encoded by the input variables x0, x1, and x2, the 3-bit number encoded by the input
variables y0, y1, and y2, and the input value of carry-in.

Solution: The combinational circuit 1BitAdder, uses 2 instances of SyncAnd, one instance of SyncOr and 2 instances of
SyncOr.

The output of z is 1 when an odd number of the input variables equal 1 and the coutput carry-out is 1 when 2 or more of
the input variables equals 1

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