What we will Learn…
What is a current?
How to draw electric circuit diagrams
What is potential difference, voltage and E.M.F?
What is resistance?
Circuits arranged in series versus parallel
Fixed resistors versus variable resistors
Effects of electric current
What is Electricity
Electricity is a form of energy that
Definition:
can be easily changed to other forms.
Where does Electricity come from?
Mainly 2 sources:
1) Power Stations
Supply a lot of electricity
Used in many electrical appliances
2) Electric Cells (batteries)
Supply a little electricity
Portable - Safe
How does an Electrical Appliance Work
To make an electrical appliance work,
electricity must flow through it.
The flow of electricity is called an electric
current.
The path along which the electric current
moves is called the electric circuit.
1.An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charges in a circuit.
What is an Electric Current
An electric current is the rate of flow of electric
charges in a circuit.
Electric Charges
Electric charges are made up of positive
charges (protons) and negative charges
(electrons).
When these charges flow in a circuit, a
current is produced.
How does electricity Flow?
The battery in a circuit gives energy to the
electrons and pushes them around a
circuit, from the negative terminal of the
cell, round the circuit and back to the
positive terminal of the cell.
How to measure Current?
The SI unit for electric current is ampere (A).
Smaller currents are measured in milliamperes (mA).
1 A = 1,000 mA 1 mA = 0.001 A
Different electrical components and appliances require
different sizes of current to turn them on.
Instrument to Measure Current
An ammeter is an instrument used for
measuring electric current.
Voltage
An electric cell gives energy to the
electrons and pushes them round a circuit.
Voltage is a measure of how much energy
the electrons receive.
Different voltages are supplied by
different cells and batteries. 1.5 V Dry
Cell 12 V Car Battery 9 V Dry Cell
How to Measure Voltage
The SI unit for voltage is volt (V).
A voltmeter is an instrument used for
measuring voltages.
Electromotive Force(EMF)
Electromotive force is the same as
voltage.
E.m.f refers to the amount of energy
supplied by the electric source (eg.
battery) to each unit of electric charge
Potential Difference
This difference in electric potential between 2 points
in a circuit is known as the potential difference. It is
the same as VOLTAGE also
Resistance
When an electric current flows through a circuit,
there will be some resistance that opposes it.
It can be measured by,
Resistance = V divide by I
Good conductors of electricity have LOW
RESISTANCE.
(Eg. Metal objects) – Electricity is able to flow
through them very easily
Poor conductors of electricity have HIGH
RESISTANCE.
(Eg. Wood, cloth) – Electricity is not able to flow
through them very easily
The SI unit for resistance is ohm ()
Different electrical components have
different resistance
For example, nichrome wires have a
higher resistance than copper wires. So
should we use nichrome or copper to
make wires?
Resistors
An electrical component that is specially
made to have a certain resistance is called
a resistor.
They can be connected in a circuit to
resist the current flow.
Fixed Resistors and Variable Resistors
Fixed resistors have only one resistance
value
Variable resistors can be adjusted to
change the resistance. fixed resistor
symbol variable resistor symbol
Variable resistors are useful in light
dimmers
BASICS OF ELECTRONICS
We will be discussing…..
Resistor
Capacitor
Diode
Transistor
RESISTORS
Resistors are used to limit current or divide
voltage and in some cases, generate heat.
Used for driving circuit which requires low
current and voltage than available.
A two terminal non-polarized component.
Cont..
Unit of resistance is ohm.
Notation for resistance
O- for ohm
K- for kilo ohm
M- for mega ohm
Physical appearance
Color code table
Practical Use
To reduce the current flowing in circuit,
use resistance in parallel.
Toreduce the voltage for any circuit, use
resistance in series.
CAPACITORS
A two terminal electronic component which stores
energy in form of charge.
capacitance is a measure of a capacitor's ability to
store charge.
A large capacitance means that more charge can
be stored.
Capacitance is measured in Farads(F) but prefixes
like µF and pF for smaller values.
Types of capacitors
Polarized
which have specified positive and
negative terminals.
Non-polarized
no defined polarity for terminals.
Practical use
Used for making timer circuits, when
used with resistance.
Used in clipper, clamper circuit.
Used for providing instantaneous large
power as in flashlight of cameras.
Used in DC filter circuits.
DIODES
A two-terminal electronic component that
conducts electric current in only one
direction.
The direction of arrow shows the only
possible direction of current.
Types of diodes
LED i.e Light Emitting Diodes
These diodes emit light when provided with
power supply.
Photodiode
These diode generates currents when exposed to
light.
Practical use
Used for making gates
Used for making rectifiers
Used as a switch
LED as indicators
Photodiodes as light detector
TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device
commonly used to amplify or switch electronic
signals.
Device with three terminals where one terminal
can be use to control the flow of current
through the other two terminals.
Contd….
The three terminals are Emitter, Base and Collector
Transistor are of two types:
1-> n-p-n
A straight switch
2-> p-n-p
A inverted switch
n-p-n as straight switch
When base of n-p-n is connected with logic high
voltage then it short circuit emitter and collector
(SWITCH ON).
When base of n-p-n is connected with logic low
voltage then it open circuit both emitter and
collector (SWITCH OFF).
p-n-p as inverted switch
When base of p-n-p is connected with logic high
voltage then it open circuit emitter and collector
(SWITCH OFF).
When base of p-n-p is connected with logic low
voltage then it short circuit both emitter and
collector (SWITCH ON).
Practically used…
As a switch
As an amplifier
For realizing logic gates
Basic Electrical Safety
Objectives
Be familiar with the fundamental concepts of electricity
Be familiar with the effects of electricity on the human body
Be able to recognize common electrical hazards.
Be familiar with electrical protective devices.
Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
To flow electricity must have a complete path.
Electricity flows through conductors
water, metal, the human body
Insulators are non-conductors
The human body is a conductor.
Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
Hazards of Electricity
Electrocution/Shock/Burns/Death
Voltage
electrical pressure
Amperage
electrical flow rate
Impedance
restriction to electrical flow
Circuit
path of flow of electricity
Circuit Element
objects which are part of a circuit and
through which current flows.
Fault
current flow through an unintended path.
Electrical Protection
Circuit Breakers
Provided to protect EQUIPMENT not people
Do not reset breakers with a line voltage higher than 120V and only reset if you know why it
tripped
Distance
If you sense the presence of an electrical hazard or exposed conductors that may be
energized, keep your distance and STAY AWAY
Grounding
What is Grounding?
Protection from electric shock normally a secondary protection measure
A ground is a conductive connection between electrical
circuit or equipment and earth or ground plane creates
a low resistance to the earth.
Basic Rules of Electrical Action
Electricity isn’t live until current flows
Electrical current won’t flow until there is a complete loop, out
from and back to the power source.
Do’s and Don’ts
Do plug power equipment into wall
receptacles with power switches in the
Off position.
Do unplug electrical equipment by
grasping the plug and pulling. Do not pull
or jerk the cord to unplug the equipment.
Do not drape power cords over hot pipes,
radiators or sharp objects.
Do check the receptacle for missing or
damaged parts.
Do not plug equipment into defective
receptacles.
Do check for frayed, cracked, or exposed
wiring on equipment cords.
Do check for defective cords clamps at
locations where the power cord enters the
equipment or the attachment plug.
Extension cords should not be used in
office areas. Generally, extension cords
should be limited to use by maintenance
personnel
“Cheater plugs”, extension cords with
junction box receptacle ends or other jury-
rigged equipment should not be used.
Consumer electrical equipment or
appliances should not be used if not
properly grounded.
Employees should know the location of
electrical circuit breaker panels that
control equipment and lighting in their
Temporary or permanent storage of any
materials must not be allowed within 3
feet of any electrical panel or electrical
equipment.
Any electrical equipment causing shocks
or with high leakage potential must be
tagged with a Danger tag or equivalent.
Myths and Misconceptions
Electricity takes the path of least
resistance.
Electricity wants to go to ground.
If an electric tools falls into a sink or tub
of water, the item will short out.
AC reverse polarity is not hazardous.
It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts is
not dangerous.
