ELECTRICITY
What do you use
electricity for?
heater mobile
phone
ELECTRICITY
Electricity is a convenient and clean
form of energy that is very commonly
used in our everyday lives.
Electricity
microwave
air aconditioning banner
lamp
electric
toothbrush
TV
remote control
fan garage door
glass ceramic hob
ELECTRICITY
Electricity is a form of energy, like
thermal/heat, light, mechanical or
acoustic/sound energy.
Electricity
But Electric Energy:
• Iluminates bulbs (light energy)
• Heats up the food (thermal energy)
• Moves engines (mechanical energy)
• Is transformed into sound waves in the
loudspeakers (acoustic energy)
All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms
are made up of other smaller particles:
• Electrons: which have negative charge and are
responsible for electric forces and interactions.
Ato • Protons: which have positive charge.
mic • Neutrons: which don´t have charge.
par
ticl
es
In general,
matter is neutral.
Two objects with the same charge repel
each other.
Two objects with different charge
attract each other.
charges
Electric
In the world of static electricity…
Oppositely charged Objects with like charges repel
objects attract
Types:
We talk about static electricity when
there is a movement of electrons from
one material to another (only electrons
can move from one atom to another).
electricity
Static
When two different Then the two
materials are rubbed materials will
together, often become And since UNLIKE
electrons are oppositely CHARGES ATTRACT,
transferred from one to charged. the two materials will
the other. attract each other.
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric
charges on the surface of an insulator material that
remains until it is able to move away by means of
an electrical discharge.
Some manifestations of static electricity
are:
electricity
Static
Painting
Photocopier: The toner is attracted to dark
patches that keep static charges.
Lightning
The triboelectric series
shows the static electric
potential of common
materials. Materials
towards the positive end
give up electrons when
brought into contact with
materials towards the
negative end.
Electrical Current/
Current Electricity
Electrical current is the continual
movement of electrical charges
(electrons) through an appropriate path.
This path must be done with a good
conductor material, not with an insulator
Electrical
current
Metals are good conductor
materials.
Wires are made of copper and are covered with a plastic
cover (plastic is a electrical insulator and protects us).
Electrical Circuit
Electrical circuit is a set of elements
connected to one another so that electrical
current can circulate through them.
For an electric current to flow
Electrical
through an electrical circuit we
current
need two things:
Something to make
electricity flows.
A complete path
In this circuit we have:
Something to make electricity flows, the battery.
A complete path
In this circuit, electricity flows
from the negative side of the
battery, through the wires, and
Electrical
lights the bulb.
current
Then, the electricity continue
traveling around to the positive
side of the battery.
This process is continually repeated.
The simplest circuit is a piece of wire from one
end of the battery to the other.
An electric current flows in
the wire from one end of
the battery to the other, but
Electrical
nothing useful happens.
circuit
The wire just gets hot and the battery
wears out.
So, ANOTHER ELEMENT IS NECESSARY in this
circuit.
ANOTHER ELEMENT IS NECESSARY in the previous
circuit, in order to do something useful with
the electric current
We need to add an
electrical component into
the circuit that can use the
current to make something
Electrical
happen.
circuit
In this situation , the bulb
transforms the electrical
energy into light energy, so we
can see in the night.
We also can use an engine, that transforms the
electrical energy into mechanical energy, so we can
make a fan works.
But in this circuit, ANOTHER ELEMENT IS
NECESSARY, in order to avoid the bulb from
always working.
We need to add an electrical
component that allow us to
turn the circuit on or off
when we want, that is, to
Electrical
control the circuit.
circuit
We can control the circuit with:
o Switches
o Commutator switches
o Push buttons
And ANOTHER ELEMENT IS NECESSARY (but less
necessary), in order to avoid the components
of the circuit to be damaged.
Electrical
circuit
A high current will break
the fine wire in the fuse,
so the circuit is broken
an electricity doesn´t
flow, so, nothing can be
damaged.
PROTECTION DEVICES
CONTROL DEVICES
Batteries Bulb
CONDUCTORS
an electrical
GENERATORS
of
Conductors Switch
RECEPTORS
Elements
Motor
circuit
Alternators
or dynamos.
Commutator
Junctions Resistor switch Fuse
Photovoltaic
solar cells.
Bell
Push
Hydrogen Crossings
button
cells Buzzer
They are used circuit symbols to draw diagrams
of electrical circuits instead of drawing each
component in it.
diagrams
Circuit
Wires always must be straight lines and not wiggly.
PROTECTION DEVICES
CONTROL DEVICES
Bulb
CONDUCTORS
an electrical
GENERATORS
of
Conductor Switch
RECEPTORS
Elements
Motor
circuit
Commutator
Batteries Junctions Resistor switch Fuse
Bell
Crossings Push
button
Buzzer
In a series circuit, you get several components one
after the other; there are no branches.
parallel circuits
Serial and
The electrons pass through all the different
components, one after the other.
In a series circuit, you get several components
one after the other; there are no branches.
parallel circuits
Serial and
If you put more lamps into a series circuit, the
lamps will be dimmer than before.
If a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected,
the circuit is broken (opened) and all the
components stop working.
In a parallel circuit, you get different
components connected on different branches.
parallel circuits
Serial and
The electrons don´t pass through all the
components, only through the components in a
branch.
In a parallel circuit, you get different
components connected on different branches.
parallel circuits
Serial and
If you add more lamps in parallel, the lamps stay
bright.
If a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected
from the parallel wire, the components of
different branches keep working.
In a combined circuit there are serial and parallel
components in the same circuit.
parallel circuits
Serial and
VOLTAGE is the difference between the
electrical energy at two points in a circuit.
When there is a difference of the electrical
energy, charges move from the point where the
energy is highest to the lowest point.
quantities
Electrical
Voltage is also called potencial difference (p.d.)
VOLTAGE is the difference between the
electrical energy at two points in a circuit.
Voltage is represented by the letter V and in the
International System of Units (SI) is measured in
volts (V).
quantities
Electrical
Voltage is measured with a voltmeter. If we
want to measure the voltage of a component in
a circuit, the voltmeter must be connected in
parallel.
The CURRENT is the number of electrons
that pass through a specific point in one
second.
quantities
Electrical
Current is represented by the letter I and in the
International System of Units (SI) is measured in
amperes or amps (A).
Current is measured with an ammeter.
If we want to measure the current
through a receptor, the ammeter must
be connected in series.
The RESISTANCE is the opposition of the
components of a circuit to the flow of
electric current.
quantities
Electrical
Resistance is represented by the letter R and in
SI units is measured in ohms (W).
The a relationship between voltage,
current and resistance is called Ohm´s
law.
Ohm´s law is expressed mathematically as:
𝑉 =𝐼 ∙ 𝑅
Ohm´s law
And it can also be expressed as:
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼= 𝑅=
𝑅 𝐼
Electrical current can cause different effects as it
flows through the components of the circuit
Light
Magnetism / Motion
Heat: basically all components heat up
Effects of the
when are crossed by an electrical
electrical
current
current
All elements of an electrical circuit heat up
when are crossed by an electrical current,
that is all elements have resistance.
resistances
Equivalent
So, a bulb or a motor can be replaced with a
resistor
It is important to calculate the equivalent
resistance in a serial, parallel or combined
circuit in order to calculate the voltage,
intensity of current or resistance of each
element in the circuit.
resistances
Equivalent
Equivalent
resistance
