Unit -1

Introduction to Internet of Things

1.3 IoT Applications

A presentation
By
G. ASHRITHA
Assistant Professor
Dept of ECE
 CONTENTS

 Smart Cities  Food and Water Tracking &

 Smart Energy & the Smart Security
Grid  Participatory Sensing
 Smart Transportation &  Social Networks & IoT
Mobility
 Smart Home, Smart
Buildings & Infrastructure
 Smart Factory & Smart
Manufacturing
 Smart Health
 IoT Applications
• The IoT applications address the societal needs

• Advancements to enabling technologies continue to be

challenged by a variety of technical, institutional and
economic issues

• The list is limited to the applications chosen by the IERC as

priorities for the next years

• It also provides the research challenges for these applications

 Smart Cities
• More than 60 percent of the world population expected to live
in urban cities by 2025

• Urbanization as a trend will have diverging impacts and

influences on future personal lives and mobility

• By 2023, there will be 30 mega cities globally, with 55 percent

in developing economies of India, China, Russia and Latin
America

• There will be about 40 smart cities globally by 2025

 Smart Cities Cntd…
• This will lead to the evolution of smart cities with eight smart
features, including
 Smart Economy,
 Smart Buildings,
 Smart Mobility,
 Smart Energy,
 Smart Information Communication and Technology,
 Smart Planning,
 Smart Citizen and Smart Governance.
 Smart Cities Cntd…
• Cities and their services represent an almost ideal platform for
IoT research, taking into account city requirements and
transferring them to solutions enabled by IoT technology.

• In Europe, the largest smart city initiatives completely focused

on IoT is undertaken by the FP7 Smart Santander project
– aims at deploying an IoT infrastructure comprising
thousands of IoT devices spread across several cities
– enables simultaneous development and evaluation of
services and execution of various research experiments, thus
facilitating the creation of a smart city environment.
 Smart Cities Cntd…
• The OUTSMART project, one of the FI PPP projects
– focuses on utilities and environment in the cities and
– addresses the role of IoT in waste and water management, public
lighting and transport systems as well as environment monitoring .

• A vision of the smart city as “horizontal domain” is proposed by the

BUTLER
– many vertical scenarios are integrated and concur to enable the
concept of smart life.
– implies the use of heterogeneous underlying communication
technologies
– imposes the user to interact with various seamless and pervasive
IoT services.
 Research Challenges for Smart City
IoT Applications
 Overcoming traditional silo based organization of the cities,
with each utility responsible for their own closed world

 Creating algorithms and schemes to describe information

created by sensors in different applications to enable useful
exchange of information between different city services

 Mechanisms for cost efficient deployment and even more

important maintenance of such installations, including energy
scavenging
 Smart Cities – Research Challenges
 Ensuring reliable readings from a plethora of sensors and
efficient calibration of a large number of sensors

 Low energy protocols and algorithms

 Algorithms for analysis and processing of data acquired in the

city and making “sense” out of it.

 IoT large scale deployment and integration

 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid
• Future energy supply should no longer be based on fossil
resources

• Future energy supply needs to be based largely on various

renewable resources

• The volatile nature of our energy consumption behaviour

demands an intelligent and flexible electrical grid which is able
to react to power fluctuations by controlling electrical energy
sources and sinks, and by suitable reconfiguration.
 Smart Grid Cntd…
• It will be based on networked intelligent devices and grid
infrastructure elements, largely based on IoT concepts

• Information about energy usage on a per-customer level is a

suitable first approach

• Future energy grids are characterized by a high number of

distributed small and medium sized energy sources and power
plants which may be combined virtually ad hoc to virtual
power plants
 Smart Grid Cntd…
• In the case of energy outages or disasters certain areas may be
isolated from the grid and supplied from within by internal
energy sources such as photovoltaics on the roofs

• Integration of cyber-physical systems engineering and

technology to the existing electric grid and other utility
systems is a challenge.

• As technologies and systems are incorporated, security

remains a paramount concern to lower system vulnerability
and protect stakeholder data
Smart Grid Representation
 Smart Grid Cntd…
• The Smart Grid is expected to be the implementation of a kind
of “Internet” in which the energy packet is managed similarly
to the data packet—across routers and gateways which
autonomously can decide the best pathway for the packet to
reach its destination with the best integrity levels.

• The “Internet of Energy” concept is defined as a network

infrastructure based on standard and interoperable
communication transceivers, gateways and protocols that will
allow a real time balance between the local and the global
generation and storage capability with the energy demand
 Smart Grid Cntd…
• The Internet of Energy (IoE) provides an innovative concept
for power distribution, energy storage, grid monitoring and
communication

• It will allow units of energy to be transferred when and where

it is needed

• Power consumption monitoring will be performed on all

levels, from local individual devices up to national and
international level
 Smart Grid Cntd…

• In a smart grid scenario, energy consumption will be

manipulated by a volatile energy price which again is based on
the momentary demand and the available amount of energy
and renewable energy production.

• These decisions need to consider environmental information

such as weather forecasts, local and seasonal conditions

• These must be to a much finer time scale and spatial resolution

 Smart Grid Cntd…
• In the long run electro mobility will become another important
element of smart power grids

• Electric vehicles (EVs) might act as a power load as well as

moveable energy storage linked as IoT elements to the energy
information grid (smart grid)

• EVs will be able to act as sink or source of energy based on

their charge status, usage schedule and energy price which
again may depend on abundance of (renewable) energy in the
grid
 Smart Grid Cntd…

• The following factors must be taken into consideration while

implementing a power-grid
– Latencies
– Low energy dissipation
– Standardized communication protocol stack
– Data security
– Highest reliability performance
 Smart Grids – Research Challenges
 Absolutely safe and secure communication with elements at
the network edge

 Addressing scalability and standards interoperability

 Energy saving robust and reliable smart sensors/actuators

 Technologies for data anonymity addressing privacy concerns

 Dealing with critical latencies, e.g. in control loops

 System partitioning (local/cloud based intelligence)

 Smart Grids – Research Challenges
 Mass data processing, filtering and mining

 Real-time Models and design methods describing reliable

interworking of heterogeneous systems

 System concepts which support self-healing and containment

of damage; strategies for failure contingency management

 Scalability of security functions

 Ability to react correctly and quickly to fluctuations in the

supply of electricity from renewable energy sources
 Smart Transportation & Mobility
 The connection of vehicles to the Internet gives rise to a
wealth of new possibilities and applications

 The concept of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) connected with the

concept of Internet of Energy (IoE) represents future trends for
smart transportation and mobility applications

 Creating new mobile ecosystems based on trust, security and

convenience to mobile/contactless services and transportation
applications will ensure security and mobility to consumer-
centric transactions and services
 Smart Transportation Cntd…

 Increasing integration calls for security measures that are not

physical, but more logical while still ensuring there will be no
security compromise.

 As cyber physical systems become more complex and

interactions between components increases, safety and
security will continue to be of paramount importance
 Smart Transportation Cntd…
 When talking about IoT in the context of automotive and
telematics, the following application scenarios are relevant
– Standards must be defined regarding the charging voltage of the power
electronics
– Components for bidirectional operations and flexible billing for
electricity need to be developed
– IoT as an inherent part of the vehicle control and management system
– IoT enabling traffic management and control
– IoT enabling new transport scenarios (multi-modal transport)

 These scenarios are, not independent from each other and

show their full potential when combined and used for different
applications
 Smart Transportation Cntd…
 Smart sensors in the road and traffic control infrastructures need
to collect information about road and traffic status, weather
conditions, etc.

 This requires robust sensors (and actuators) which are able to

reliably deliver information

 Overall optimization of traffic flow and energy usage may be

achieved by collective organization among the individual vehicles

 Not only secure communication paths but also procedures which

guarantee anonymity and de-personalization of sensible data are
of interest
Smart Transportation – Research Challenges
 Safe and secure communication with elements at the network
edge, inter-vehicle communication, and vehicle to
infrastructure communication

 Energy saving robust and reliable smart sensors and actuators

in vehicles and infrastructure

 Technologies for data anonymity addressing privacy concerns

 System partitioning (local/cloud based intelligence)

 Identifying and monitoring critical system elements

 Research challenges Cntd…

 Technologies supporting self-organisation and dynamic

formation of structures/re-structuring

 Ensure an adequate level of trust and secure exchange of data

among different vertical ICT infrastructures
 Smart Home, Smart Buildings &
Infrastructure
 The rise of Wi-Fi’s role in home automation has primarily come
about due to the networked nature of deployed electronics where
electronic devices have started becoming part of the home IP
network and due to the increasing rate of adoption of mobile
computing devices

 Both types of devices can be used as gateways for IoT

applications

 IoT applications using sensors to collect information about

operating conditions combined with cloud hosted analytics
software that analyze disparate data points will help facility
managers become far more proactive about managing buildings at
peak efficiency
 Smart Homes Cntd…
 Integration of cyber physical systems both within the building and
with external entities, such as the electrical grid, will require
stakeholder cooperation to achieve true interoperability

 Within this field of research the exploitation of the potential of

wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to facilitate intelligent energy
management in buildings is highly relevant

 In the context of the future Internet of Things, Intelligent Building

Management Systems can be considered part of a much larger
information system.

 This system is used by facilities managers in buildings to manage

energy use and energy procurement and to maintain buildings
systems.
 Smart Factory & Smart Manufacturing
 The role of the Internet of Things is becoming more prominent
in enabling access to devices and machines, which in
manufacturing systems, were hidden in well-designed silos

 This evolution will allow the IT to penetrate further the

digitized manufacturing systems

 The IoT will connect the factory to a whole new range of

applications, which run around the production

 The production system could be considered one of the many

Internets of Things (IoT), where a new ecosystem for smarter
and more efficient production could be defined
 Smart Factory Cntd….
 The first evolutionary step towards a shared smart factory could
be demonstrated by enabling access to today’s external
stakeholders in order to interact with an IoT-enabled
manufacturing system

 An IoT-based architecture that challenges the hierarchical and

closed factory automation pyramid, by allowing the
abovementioned stakeholders to run their services in multiple tier
flat production system needs to be proposed

 The convergence of microelectronics and micromechanical parts

within a sensing device, the ubiquity of communications, the rise
of micro-robotics, the customization made possible by software
will significantly change the world of manufacturing
 Smart Factory Challenges
 Broader pervasiveness of telecommunications in many
environments is one of the reasons why these environments
take the shape of ecosystems.

 Some of the main challenges associated with the

implementation of cyber-physical systems include
affordability, network integration, and the interoperability of
engineering systems

 Changes to the structure, organization, and culture of

manufacturing occur slowly, which hinders technology
integration
 Small Factory Challenges Cntd…
 The lack of a standard industry approach to production
management results in customized software or use of a manual
approach.

 Retrofitting these existing plants with cyber-physical systems

is difficult and expensive

 There is also a need for a unifying theory of non-homogeneous

control and communication systems
 Smart Health
 The market for health monitoring devices is currently
characterized by application-specific solutions that are
mutually non-interoperable and are made up of diverse
architectures

 The long-term goal of achieving lower technology costs across

current and future sectors will inevitably be very challenging
unless a more coherent approach is used
 Smart Health Cntd…
 The links between the many applications in health monitoring
are:
– Applications require the gathering of data from sensors
– Applications must support user interfaces and displays
– Applications require network connectivity for access to infrastructural
services
– Applications have in-use requirements such as low power, robustness,
durability, accuracy and reliability

 IoT applications are pushing the development of platforms for

implementing ambient assisted living (AAL) systems that will
offer services in the areas of assistance to carry out daily
activities
 Smart Health Cntd…

• The main objective is to enhance

 life quality for people who need permanent support or
monitoring,
 to decrease barriers for monitoring important health
parameters, to avoid unnecessary
 healthcare costs and efforts, and
 to provide the right medical support at the right time
 Smart Health - Challenges
 Specialized processes at the intersection of control and
sensing, sensor fusion and decision making, security, and the
compositionality of cyber-physical systems

 Advancements in networking and distributed communication

within cyber-physical architectures

 Interoperability and closed loop systems appears to be the key

for success

 Cyber-physical technologies will also need to be designed to

operate with minimal patient training or cooperation
 Smart Health – Challenges Cntd…
 New and innovative technologies are needed to cope with the
trends on wired, wireless, high-speed interfaces,
miniaturization and modular design approaches for products
having multiple technologies integrated

 The progress beyond state of the art for IoT applications for
healthcare is envisaged as follows
• Standardisation of interface from sensors and MEMS
• Providing a high degree of automation
• Real-time data over networks
• Reuse of components
• Data needs to be interchangeable between all authorised devices
Smart Health Platform
 Food & Water Tracking & Security
 Food and fresh water are the most important natural resources
in the world

 Organic food produced without addition of certain chemical

substances and according to strict rules, or food produced in
certain geographical areas will be particularly valued

 Fresh water from mountain springs is already highly valued

 Food from “pasture to plate”

 IoT Applications – Development Framework
 IoT applications need to have a development framework that
will assure the following
 The things connected to the Internet need to provide value
 Use of rich ecosystem for the development
 Systems need to provide APIs that let users take advantage of
systems suited to their needs on devices of their choice
 Developers need to be attracted since the implementation will be
done on a development platform
 Security needs to be built in
 Food & Water Tracking - Challenges
 Design of secure, tamper-proof and cost-efficient mechanisms
for tracking food and water from production to consumers

 Secure way of monitoring production processes, providing

sufficient information and confidence to consumers

 Ensure trust and secure exchange of data among applications

and infrastructures to prevent the introduction of false or
misleading data,
 Participatory Sensing
 People live in communities and rely on each other in everyday
activities

 Recommendations for a good restaurant, car mechanic, movie,

phone plan etc. were and still are some of the things where
community knowledge helps us in determining our actions

 Today, the community wisdom is based on conscious input

from people, primarily based on opinions of individuals

 With the development of IoT and ICT in general, it is

becoming interesting to expand the concept of community
knowledge to automated observation of events in real world
 Participatory Sensing Cntd…
 Intel is working to simplify deployment of the Internet of
Things with its Intelligent Systems Framework (Intel ISF), a
set of interoperable solutions designed to address connecting,
managing, and securing devices and data in a consistent
manner

 By combining individual snapshots in an intelligent manner it

is possible to create a clear picture of the physical world that
can be shared and for example used as an input to the smart
city services decision processes
 Participatory Sensing - Challenges
 Design of algorithms for normalization of observations taking
into account the conditions under which the observations were
taken

 Design of robust mechanisms for analysis and processing of

collected observations in real time and generation of
“community wisdom” that can be reliably used as an input to
decision taking

 Reliability and trustworthiness of observed data, i.e. design of

mechanisms that will ensure that observations were not
tampered with
 Participatory Sensing – Challenges Cntd…

 Ensuring privacy of individuals providing observations

 Efficient mechanisms for sharing and distribution of

“community wisdom”

 Addressing scalability and large scale deployments

 Social Networks & IoT
 The user engagement in IoT awareness could build on the
Social Network paradigm, where the users interact with the real
world entities of interest via the social network paradigm

 This combination leads to interesting and popular applications,

which will become more sophisticated and innovative
 Social Networks Cntd…

 Future research directions in IoT applications should consider

the social dimension, based on integration with social
networks which can be seen as another bundle of information
streams

 Social networks are characterized by the massive

participation of human users

 The wave of social IoT applications is likely to be built over

successful paradigms of participatory sensing, which will be
extending on the basis of an increased number of autonomous
interacting Internet-connected devices
THANK YOU