Second Order System
1 Examples of 2nd order RCL circuit.
2 The source-free series RLC circuit.
3 The source-free parallel RLC circuit.
4 Step response of a series RLC circuit.
5 Step response of a parallel RLC.
1
1 Examples of Second Order RLC circuits
What is a 2nd order circuit?
A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential
equation. It consists of resistors and the equivalent of two energy
storage elements.
RLC Series RLC Parallel RL T-config RC Pi-config
2
2 Source-Free Series RLC Circuits (1)
• The solution of the source-free series RLC
circuit is called as the natural response of
the circuit.
• The circuit is excited by the energy initially
stored in the capacitor and inductor.
𝑑 2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
+ + =0
𝑑 𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
2
The 2nd order of or
expression 𝑑2 𝑣𝑐 𝑅 𝑑 𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑐
+ + =0
𝑑𝑡
2
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
How to derive and how to solve?
3
2 Source-Free Series RLC Circuits (2)
There are three possible solutions for the following 2nd order
differential equation:
d 2 i R di i
2
0
dt L dt LC
d 2i di 2 R 1
2
2 0i 0 where and 0
dt dt 2L LC
General 2nd order Form Damping constant Resonant or
undamped angular
frequency
The types of solutions for i(t) depend on the
relative values of a and w.
4
2 Source-Free Series RLC Circuits (3)
There are three possible solutions for the following 2nd order differential
equation based on the poles of the characteristic equations (s1 and s2):
d 2i di 2
2
2 0i 0
dt dt
1. If a > wo, over-damped case
i (t ) A1e s1t A2 e s2t 2
where s1, 2 0
2
2. If a = wo, critically damped case
i(t ) ( A2 A1t )e t where s1, 2
3. If a < wo, under-damped case
i (t ) e t ( B1 cos d t B2 sin d t ) where d 02 2
Damped angular frequency 5
2 Source-Free Series RLC Circuits (4)
Example 1
If R = 10 Ω, L = 5 H, and C = 2 mF in 8.8, find
α, ω0, s1 and s2.
What type of natural response will the circuit
have?
Answer: underdamped
6
2 Source-Free Series RLC Circuits (5)
Example 2
The circuit shown below has reached steady
state at t = 0-.
If the make-before-break switch moves to
position b at t = 0, calculate i(t) for t > 0.
Answer:
7
3 Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuits (1)
0
1
Let i (0) I 0 v(t )dt
L
v(0) = V0
Apply KCL to the top node:
t
v 1 dv
vdt C 0
R L dt
Taking the derivative with
respect to t and dividing by C
The 2nd d 2 v 1 dv 1
order of 2
v0
dt RC dt LC
expression
8
3 Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuits (2)
There are three possible solutions for the following 2nd order
differential equation:
d 2v dv 2 1 1
2
2 0v 0 where and 0
dt dt 2 RC LC
Damping constant Resonant or
1. If a > wo, over-damped case undamped angular
frequency
v(t ) A1 e s1t A2 e s2t where s1, 2 2 0
2
2. If a = wo, critical damped case
v(t ) ( A2 A1t ) e t where s1, 2
3. If a < wo, under-damped case
v (t ) e t ( B1 cos d t B2 sin d t ) where d 02 2 9
3 Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuits (3)
Example 3
Refer to the circuit shown below, find v(t) for t > 0.
Answer:
10
4 Step-Response Series RLC Circuits (1)
• The step response is obtained
by the sudden application of a
dc source.
The 2nd d 2 v R dv v vs
order of 2
expression
dt L dt LC LC
The above equation has the same form as the equation for source-free series
RLC circuit.
• The same coefficients (important in determining the frequency parameters).
• Different circuit variable in the equation.
11
4 Step-Response Series RLC Circuits (2)
The solution of the equation should have two components:
the transient response vt(t) & the steady-state response vss(t):
v (t ) vt (t ) v ss (t )
The transient response vt is the same as that for source-free case
vt (t ) A1e s1t A2 e s2t (over-damped)
vt (t ) ( A1 A2t )e t (critically damped)
vt (t ) e t ( A1 cos d t A2 sin d t ) (under-damped)
The steady-state response is the final value of v(t).
vss(t) = v(∞)
The values of A1 and A2 are obtained from the initial conditions:
v(0) and dv(0)/dt. 12
4 Step-Response Series RLC Circuits (3)
Example 4
Having been in position for a long time, the switch in the circuit below is moved to
position b at t = 0. Find v(t) and vR(t) for t > 0.
Answer:
13
5 Step-Response Parallel RLC Circuits (1)
• The step response is obtained
by the sudden application of a
dc source.
The 2nd order of d 2i 1 di i Is
expression 2
dt RC dt LC LC
It has the same form as the equation for source-free parallel RLC circuit.
• The same coefficients (important in determining the frequency parameters).
• Different circuit variable in the equation.
14
5 Step-Response Parallel RLC Circuits (2)
The solution of the equation should have two components:
the transient response vt(t) & the steady-state response vss(t):
i (t ) it (t ) iss (t )
The transient response it is the same as that for source-free case
it (t ) A1e s1t A2 e s2t (over-damped)
it (t ) ( A1 A2t )e t (critical damped)
it (t ) e t ( A1 cos d t A2 sin d t ) (under-damped)
The steady-state response is the final value of i(t).
iss(t) = i(∞) = Is
The values of A1 and A2 are obtained from the initial conditions:
i(0) and di(0)/dt. 15
5 Step-Response Parallel RLC Circuits (3)
Example 5
Find i(t) and v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit shown in circuit shown below:
Answer:
16
