Aluminium
Symbol Proton number Electronic configuration Melting point Boiling point Density Standard electrode potential Electronegativity Lattice structure : Al : 13 : 2.8.3 : 660 oC : 2450 oC : 2.70 g cm-3 : -1.66 V : 1.5 : Hexagonal close-pack
Most abundant metal on earth 3rd most abundant element on earth Makes up about 8% of the Earths crust Very reactive element, hence does not occur naturally in the uncombined state Ores containing aluminium: Bauxite Al2O3.2H2O Gibbsite Al(OH)3 Diaspore AlO(OH) Corundum Al2O3 Cryolite Na3AlF6 Kaolinite Al2Si2O7.2H2O Feldspar KAlSi3O8
Extraction
of
AlumInIum
Purification
of
Bauxite
REMOVAL of impurities - iron(III) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide
Iron(III) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide (basic oxides) do not dissolve in sodium hydroxide and is filtered off
DECOMPOSITION of aluminate(III) by carbon dioxide
Sodium silicate is not affected by carbon dioxide and remains in the solution
FWDH and thenyou get PURE aluminium oxide
Electrolysis
of
Bauxite
LOWER THE MELTING POINT OF ALUMINIUM OXIDE!
Use this
a molten mixture of cryolite (sodium hexafluoroaluminate) with calcium and aluminium fluoride
Melting point of aluminium oxide: 2050 oC Melting point of aluminium oxide + molten cryolite: 900 oC - 950 oC
Hall-Heroult Process
At the cathode (graphite): Al3+ is reduced to liquid aluminium ~ melting point = 660 oC ~ denser than the electrolyte and sinks to the bottom of the cell ~ drains off into moulds to cool
At the anode (graphite): Oxide ions are discharged ~ forms oxygen gas ~ oxygen liberated reacts with carbon electrode ~ produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide ~ anode is corroded slowly and must be replaced from time to time
The overall chemical reaction is:
Note:
Very high current (about 40,000 A) is used to maintain the temperature of the electrolyte at 900 oC to prevent it from freezing Low voltage (about 4.0 V) is used to prevent the fluoride ions from being discharged. Fluorine and fluorine containing compounds are poisonous
LOW DENSITY
malleable
compared to other metals
HEAT conductor good
silvery white
shiny
HIGH electrochemical series
corrosion
ELECTRICITY
RESISTANT ductile
soft
light
Anodisation
What on earth are you?
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Aluminium chloride:
White solid at room conditions Sublimes at 180 C Soluble in water and organic solvents Fumes in moist air Covalent compound
Exist as a dimer at room conditions.
When heated . It will sublime as the dimer. Dimer starts to dissociate at >400 C to AlCl3 (g) Complete dissociation at 800 C. *No MORE DIMER!!!!*
Undergoes hydrolysis in water. Produces acidic solution
Al2Cl6 + 6H20
2Al(OH)3 + 6HCl
Anhydrous aluminium chloride is a catalyst. WHEN?????? Benzene ring electrophilic substitution.
PREPARATION OF ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
Dry chlorine gas/ HCl gas pass over heated aluminium powder.
2Al(s) +3Cl2(g) Al2Cl6(s) (white solid when cool)
Al ion has HIGH CHARGE DENSITY and empty orbitals
of valence shells. Thus it can form complexes by receiving lone pair from ligands.
FACTS on ALUMINIUM!!!
Most abundant metal on the earth s surface Light Resistant to corrosion 100% recyclable and recycling process uses very little energy One of the most difficult metal to extract, despite it s abundance
Used in:
High tension cables high electrical conductivity. Light. Firefighter suits good thermal insulator. (Reflect heat) DID you know??? Doctors wrap premature babies in foil to keep baby warm and prevent heat loss from body. Used in extraction of CHROMIUM and MANGANESE (Thermite process) aluminium has high affinity for oxygen. Alum K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. Cleans water. Precipitates suspended particles.
Make CERAMICS: hard and stable even at high temperature
Cans// Thin Sheets// Wires: very malleable and ductile
ANODISATION
Aluminium is a REACTIVE METAL (based on E.C.S) - It will react actively with O2 and dilute acid - This will then form an OXIDE layer on metal surface ANODE: 4OH2H20 +O2+ 4e
Oxygen liberated oxidises aluminium to aluminium oxides.
Function of anodisation:
- Used in industries . To FURTHER THICKEN the aluminium - Protects aluminium from further attack - Also trap dyes: colourful!!! due to oxide layer. Waterproof.
Chemical Properties of Aluminum
Aluminum is a strong reducing agent and a reactive metal proof ^.^ ~ large ve value in the standard electrode potential (-1.66V) The electron configuration aluminum is 1s22s22p63s23p. The outer three electrons occupy three s2p hybrid orbital that point in orthogonal directions. These electrons easily form covalent bonds, as in anhydrous AlCl3.
Reaction with non-metallic elements
Aluminum reacts directly when heated! e.g. 4Al(s)+ 3O2(g)>>>>>2Al2O3(s) 2Al(s)+3S(s)>>>>>>>Al2S3(s) 2Al(s)+N2(g)>>>>>>>2AlN(s) 4Al(s)+3C(s)>>>>>>>Al4C3(s) 2Al(s)+3Cl2(s)>>>>>>Al2Cl6(s)
Reaction with hydrochloric acid
Aluminium reacts with dilute HCl liberating H2 gas Reaction is more vigorous when the acid is more concentrated and more hotter 2Al(s)+ 6HCl (aq)>>>>>> 2AlCl3+ 3H2(g)
Reaction with sulphuric acid
Aluminium reacts with hot, dilute/concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid, liberating sulphur dioxide gas Reaction with dilute sulphuric acid is slow. 2Al(s)+6H2SO4(aq)>>>>>>Al2(SO4)3(aq)+ 3SO4(g)= 6H2O(l)
Reaction of aluminium with air
Aluminium is a silvery white metal. The surface of aluminium metal is covered with a thin layer of oxide that helps protect the metal from attack by air. If the oxide layer is damaged, the aluminium metal is exposed to attack. Aluminium will burn in oxygen with a brilliant white flame to form the trioxide alumnium(III) oxide, Al2O3. 4Al(s) + 3O2(l) 2Al2O3(s) .
Same goes to water
Reaction of aluminium with the halogens
Aluminium metal reacts vigorously with all the halogens to form aluminium halides. It reacts with chlorine,Cl2 forming aluminium(III) chloride, AlCl3, 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(l) 2AlCl3(s) It reacts with Bromine,Br2 forming aluminium(III) bromide, AlBr3 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) 2AlBr3(s) It reacts with iodine, I2, forming aluminium(III) iodide, AlI3. 2Al(s) + 3l2(l) 2All3(s)
Reaction of aluminium with bases
Aluminium dissolves in sodium hydroxide with the evolution of hydrogen gas, H2, and the formation of aluminates of the type [Al(OH)4]-. 2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 6H2O 2Na+(aq) + 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2(g)
Bonding in Aluminum compounds
Generally, aluminum forms ionic compounds with covalent character. reason: Al3+ ions have a higher charge density which can distort the electron cloud of the neighboring anion. degree of covalent character Polarising effect Polarisibility of anion of cation electron cloud
Cation highly charged has stronger Polarizing effect
anion is large and highly charged easily polarized
For halide ions, polarisibility of an electron cloud increases Tendency to form covalent compound increases in the following F-<Cl- <Br- < I-
Generally, to determine the bond formed is ionic, covalent or polarlised, consider the element s electronegativity Difference of electronegativity, @E between the bonded elements is a)@E=0, the bond is covalent bond b)0<@E<2, the bond is a polar bond (ionic+covalent) c) @E<2, the bond is ionic bond
Aluminum oxide Al2O3
Aluminum oxide is a white solid with high melting point of 2050C INDICATION! -Indicates bonding between Al3+ and O2- ions are very strong -lattice energy of Al2O3 -is very high due to high charge and very small ionic radius.
-RESULT! -Al2O3 is insoluble in water -Al2O3 has high melting point.
Corundum from crystalline Al2O3
Aluminum oxide Al2O3
Covalent character in ionic bond causes aluminum oxide to be amphoteric Aluminium oxide forms salt with acid and alkalis Al2O3(s)+ 6HCl (l) 2ALCl3(aq)+3H2O(l) Al2O3(s)+2NaOH(aq)+3H2O 2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
Corundum from crystalline Al2O3
Aluminum oxide Al2O3
Uses of Al2O3 a) Dehydration of alcohols to alkene 350C CH3CH2OH(l) C2H4(g)+ H2O
Ethanol Ethene
b)Cracking of alkanes in petroleum industry C6H14 C2H4(g)+ C4H10(l)
Hexane Ethene Butane
c)Refractory lining in the furnace d)As an adsorbing agent in column chromatography
Corundum from crystalline Al2O3
Aluminum Hydroxide Al(OH)3
Aluminum hydroxide is a white solid - Prepared by adding excess aqueous ammonia to solution containing Al3+ ions NH3+ H20 Al3++3H2O NH4++OHAl(OH)3
Aluminum Hydroxide Al(OH)3
Aluminum oxide is amphoteric - It dissolves in both acid and alkalis Al(OH)3(s)+ 3H+(aq) Al3++ 3OH NH4++OHAl(OH)4-
Aluminum Hydroxide Al(OH)3
If CO2 is passed through the aluminate solution, Al(OH)3 is reprecipitated Prove: aluminum hydroxide is a weak acid
2Al(OH)4-(aq)+CO2(g) 2Al(OH)3(s)+CO3(aq)+H2O(l)
Aluminum Hydroxide Al(OH)3
application of aluminum hydroxide Used as a mordant in dyeing industry to help dye bite up the fabric Making water-proof clothing
Question time!
Remember! You get 1 mark for each correct answer!
1. What is the function of anodisation? - Forms oxide layer to protect the aluminium from further attack - Traps dyes (waterproof) - Increase thickness of aluminium
2. What form is aluminium chloride at room temperature? - Solid form. It is a white solid.
Aluminium is resistant to corrosion because A) The presence of impervious oxide layer on the surface of aluminium B) Aluminium oxide is porous C) The ionisation energy of aluminium is very high D) Aluminium is less reactive
Answer: A) Corrosion is the oxidation of a metal by moisture and air. The presence of non-porous oxide layer on the surface of aluminium shields the aluminium from attack by moisture and air.
In the extraction of aluminium from bauxite, a current of 40000 A is used. The function of the high current is to A) Prevent the discharge of sodium ions from the dissociation of cryolite B) Increase the yield of aluminium C) Keep the temperature of the electrolysis cell at 900 oC D) Increase the rate of electrolysis
Answer: C) At temperature lower than 900 oC, the electrolyte will freeze. The high current is necessary to generate heat to keep the temperature of the electrolyte at 900 oC
Thank you!
