22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

AY 2022-2023 EVEN

Course Instructor ID: 4738

Selvakumar.r
AP/ECE
ECE Department, KLEF
 22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D
Syllabus :
CO1: Computer Architecture, Computer system and its sub modules: State Diagram various Architectures, Moore Machine,
Mealey Machine, VanNeuman architecture and hardware implementation of Arithmetic and LogicUnit,BusesTypes,Specifications
of a computer, Concepts of Machine level programming, Assembly level programming and High-level programming.Various
addressing modes and designing of an Instruction set. Concepts of subroutine and subroutine call, use of stack for handling
subroutine call and return.
CO2: CPU design: Introduction to CPU design,Instruction interpretation and execution,Micro-operation and their RTL
specification.Hard wired control CPU design. Micro programmed control CPU design.Concepts of semi conductor memory,CPU
memory interaction, organization of memory modules.Cache memory and related mapping and replacement policies. Virtual
memory, paging concepts, VAS to PAS and Vice-versa mapping.

CO3:Input / Output Devices: Introduction to input/output processing, working with video display unit and key board and routine to
control them. Program controlled I/O transfer. Interrupt Controlled I/O transfer, DMAcontroller. Secondary storage and type of
storage devices.

CO4: Introduction to buses and connecting I/O devices to CPU and memory, TRAP and Interrupts. Pipelining: Introduction to
RISC and CISC paradigm. Design issues of a RISC processor and example of an existing RISC processor.Introduction to
pipelining and design issues of pipeline architecture.Introduction to parallel computing.

TextBooks:1.WilliamStallings,Computer Organization and Architecture:Designing for Performance,8/e,Pearson Education

India .2010.2.D.A. Pattersonand J. L.Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, 4/e, Morgan Kaufmann, 2008.
ReferenceBooks:1.V.C.Hamacher,Z.G.VranesicandS.G.Zaky,Computer Organization, 5/e,McGraw Hill, 20022.MorrisMano,
Computer System Architecture, 3/e, Pearson, 2008.Web References

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DETENTIONPOLICY:
 
In any course, a student has to maintain a minimum of 85% attendance and In-Semester Examinations to be eligible for appearing to the Semester
EndExamination, failing to fulfill these conditions will deem such student to have been detained in that course.
 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D

CO1: Computer Architecture,

Computer system and its sub
modules

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

Why study computer organization and architecture?

K L -F E D

 The computer lies at the heart of computing. Without it most of the computing disciplines today
would be a branch of theoretical mathematics.
 To be a professional in any field of computing today, one should not regard the computer as just
black box that executes programs by magic.

 All students of computing should acquire some understanding and appreciation of a computer
system’s functional components, their characteristics, their performance, and their interactions.
There are practical implications as well

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

Why study computer organization and architecture? Conti…. K L -F E D

 Computer architecture is a key component of computer engineering, and the

practicing computer engineer should have a practical understanding of this
topic. It is concerned with all aspects of the design and organization of the
central processing unit and the integration of the CPU into the computer
system itself. Architecture extends upward into computer software because a
processor’s architecture must cooperate with the operating system and
system software.

 It is difficult to design an operating system well without

knowledge of the underlying architecture

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D

2/23/23 KLEF (Deemed to be University), Dept. of E.C.E

First Microprocessor Intel 4004, 1971

• 4-bit accumulator
architecture
• 8mm pMOS
• 2,300 transistors
• 3 x 4 mm2
• 750kHz clock
• 8-16 cycles/inst.

8
 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D

ONE MINUTE SOLVE

Theoretical primitive Human Computing vs Computer Computing vs Quantum Computing

8x8 = ?

1024 X 1024 = ?

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D

Computer Organization

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

Computer Architecture K L -F E D

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D

Computer Organization

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

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Computer Organization

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

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Differentiate between Computer

Architecture and Organization (05 Marks)

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 Computer Architecture
• Defn: It refers to the attributes of a system visible to a
programmer that have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program
• E.g. : Instruction set, No. of bits for various datatypes,…
 Computer Organization
• Defn: It refers to the operational units and their
interconnections that realize the architectural
specifications.
• E.g. Interfaces, Memory Used,…
 Example
Architectural Issue Organizational Issue
• Whether to have • Whether to include a
multiply instruction? multiply unit or go for
repeated addition?
 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture
Differentiate between Computer Architecture and Organization (05 Marks)
K L -F E D
Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer Architecture is concerned with the way hardware Computer Organization is concerned with the structure and
components are connected together to form a computer behaviour of a computer system as seen by the user.
system.

It acts as the interface between hardware and software. It deals with the components of a connection in a system.

Computer Architecture helps us to understand the Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the units in
functionalities of a system. the system are arranged and interconnected.

A programmer can view architecture in terms of instructions, Whereas Organization expresses the realization of
addressing modes and registers. architecture.

While designing a computer system architecture is considered An organization is done on the basis of architecture.
first.
Computer Architecture deals with high-level design issues. Computer Organization deals with low-level design issues.

Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, Addressing Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit design,
modes, Data types, Cache optimization) Adders, Signals, Peripherals

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22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION K L -F E D

• Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated

• Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION K L -F E D

Function
Both the structure and functioning of a computer are, in
essence, simple.
Figure 1.1 depicts the basic functions that a computer can
perform.

In general terms, there are

only four:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

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22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION K L -F E D

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION K L -F E D

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 Finite State machine and its State Diagram

 A state machine is a behavior model of sequential circuits consisting of a finite

number of states known as finite-state machine (FSM).
 Based on the current state and a given input the machine performs state transitions and
produces outputs.
 The pictorial representation of the behavior of sequential circuits is known as state
diagram.

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 Finite State machine and its State Diagram Cont.….

 FSM are classified into two types:

- Mealy Machine

- Moore Machine

 The applications of finite state machines include vending machines, video games,

traffic lights, controllers in CPU, recognition of speech, language processing, etc.

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 Mealy machine and its state diagram
In Mealy finite state machines, the output depends on present state and present input.

Inputs

Next State State Output Outputs

Combinational logic Register Combinational logic (Mealy-type)

Clock

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 Moore machine and its state diagram
In Moore finite state machines, the output depends only on present state.

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 Mealy State machine
Example for sequence detection circuit implementation

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 Finite State machine and its State Diagram Cont.….
Mealy Machine vs. Moore Machine
The following table highlights the points that differentiate a Mealy Machine from a Moore Machine.
Mealy Machine Moore Machine

Output depends both upon the present Output depends only upon the present
state and the present input state.

Generally, it has fewer states than Moore Generally, it has more states than Mealy
Machine. Machine.

The value of the output function is a The value of the output function is a
function of the transitions and the changes, function of the current state and the
when the input logic on the present state is changes at the clock edges, whenever
done. state changes occur.

Mealy machines react faster to inputs. In Moore machines, more logic is required
They generally react in the same clock to decode the outputs resulting in more
cycle. circuit delays. They generally react one
clock cycle later.

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 Finite State machine and its State Diagram Cont.….

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D

Finite State Machine

with traffic light control
applications

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
22EC1202- Computer Organization & Architecture

K L -F E D

Upcoming topic

VanNeuman architecture and hardware

implementation of Arithmetic and LogicUnit

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 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation E .C .E Robotics and Automation

All the best

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