Basic Electronics
Current & Electricity
What is Atom?
• An atom is the basic unit of a chemical element.
• Everything in the world is made out of atoms.
• Your computer monitor is made out of atoms, the desk it sits
on is made out of atoms, So is the air you're breathing.
• In fact, you are also made out of atoms.
• Atoms are made out of three main parts: protons, neutrons and electrons.
• Protons and neutrons are contained inside the very centre of the atom, which is called
the nucleus.
• Electrons orbit around the outside of the nucleus,
similar to how the Earth orbits the sun.
Atom…
• Protons are stable subatomic particles, with a positive +1 charge
• Neutrons are stable subatomic particles with a neutral or zero charge
• electrons are stable subatomic particles, with a negative -1 charge
• electrons are much smaller than protons or neutrons, but they contain a negative
charge of the same size as much larger protons.
Video Explaining Atom…
Atom & Electricity…
• As we discussed about Atom ,it has a static electricity in form charge associated
with proton & neutrons having Positive(+) & negative (-) charge respectively.
• In most of atoms have equal charge with Protons &
electrons so in result charge becomes zero.
• How ever there are many electrons which either accept electrons
or give away electrons when this happens atoms called as ION.
• If electrons from an atom moves away the atom will be
in state of positive ION, Or if electrons joins an Atom & by this
number of electrons increases, the atom becomes negative ION.
Atom & Electricity…
• Transfer of electrons between atom remains in continuous form.
• This exchange process is called as conservation of charge which
states that “charge neither created nor destroyed ,It only transfers
from one place to an other place.
• Particles with same charge that may be positive or negative will
repulse each other while particles with opposite charge will attract
each other.
What is Conductor ?
• A material with may free electrons that allows easy transfer of electrical energy.
• By passing energetic free electrons through a conductor causes strong stimulation to other
free electrons.
• An electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually electrons,
move easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage.
• Conductivity, in general, is the capacity to transmit something, such as electricity or heat.
• Example: Copper ,aluminum, Silver Gold etc.
Insulator?
• An insulator is a material having very few free electrons that does not transfer
electrical energy.
• An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow
freely, and therefore make it impossible to conduct an electric current under the
influence of an electric field.
• Example : Glass, Paper, Plastic…
Conductivity …?
• Ability of a material to conduct electrical energy
• Good conductors have high conductivity
• Good insulators have low conductivity
Voltage?
• The amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit.
• The Potential of group of charged particles to do work in a electric circuit.
• By applying voltage source free electrons are motivated flow through some conducting medium.
• More the voltage more the electrons flow
• Standard Unit is Voltage is Volt symbolized by an uppercase italic letter V or E.
• 1 volt= joule/ columb
• Normally there are two common voltage source are used
o Battery
o Generator
Current ?
• Current is the flow of charged particles(Electrons) through a conducting medium, such as a
wire.
OR
• Current is simply flow of electrons in some conducting medium
• The standard unit is the ampere, symbolized by A.
There are two types of current
• 1)Direct Current: In a direct current, the electrons flow in one direction
• 2) Alternating Current: AC, pushes the electrons back and forth, changing the direction of
the flow several times per second.
Battery ?
• Battery is commonly used voltage source.
• A battery uses chemical reactions to get generate voltage.
• Every battery has two electrodes made of different metals & have a
ELECTROLYTE Solution that adds chemical reaction.
• At positive end of battery has an electrode called Cathode & negative
side has an other electrode called as Anode.
• Chemical reaction between electrodes & Electrolyte chemical causes
electrons to move from Cathode to Anode.
• This transfer of electrons towards Anode generates voltage
Generators(Voltage Source)
• Generators use mechanical energy to generate voltage.
• Generator is made using magnetic and a wire.
• By moving magnet around/inside wire causes electrons to move in some direction which
generates the voltage.
• The process is called Electro magnetic Induction.
• Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction)
is a process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic
field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
• This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current - it is said to induce the current.
• Michael Faraday is given credit for the discovery of
electromagnetic induction in 1831.
